Electrophoretic studies of chhana whey and effect of temperature and time of storage on its quality

Chhana whey contains less protein than Cheddar cheese whey, acid casein and cottage cheese whey, and the protein composition is quite different. Electrophoretic methods demonstrated that most of the proteins in chhana whey were denatured, and there was considerable variation in the protein composition between samples of chhana whey and paneer whey obtained from different sources. The effect of storage temperature and time (up to 10 h at 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C and 80°C) on the quality of chhana whey was investigated. There were no significant changes in the pH and titratable acidity in any of these cases. Electrophoretic separation showed no qualitative changes in the protein composition pattern of chhana whey after up to 10 h of storage at 70°C.     

Correlation of electron and proton-irradiation-induced damage in InP solar cells

The measured degradation of epitaxial shallow homojunction n⁺p InP solar cells under 1-MeV electron irradiation is correlated with that measured under 3-MeV proton irradiation based on ‘displacement damage dose’. The measured data are analyzed as a function of displacement damage dose from which an electron-to-proton dose equivalency ratio is determined which enables the electron and proton degradation data to be described by a single degradation curve. It is discussed how this single curve can be used to predict the cell degradation under irradiation by any particle energy. The degradation curve is used to compare the radiation response of InP and GaAs/Ge cells on an absolute damage energy scale. The comparison shows InP to be inherently more resistant to displacement damage deposition than the GaAs/Ge.     

Antenna Array Designs for OFDM WLAN Indoor Transmission

Wireless local area networks (WLAN??s) based on the 802.11 standards are ubiquitous. However, the popularity of WLAN??s has made interference between WLAN users an issue. Spatial division multiple access (SDMA) is one way to orthogonalize these users and reduce interference. The contribution of this paper is to use real antenna array prototypes to determine the best array design for implementing indoor SDMA. Two SDMA antenna array prototypes are constructed and used to collect propagation measurements in an indoor environment. The propagation data is then incorporated into an SDMA orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) analysis. This approach is able to very accurately predict how the two array designs will influence SDMA-OFDM performance in the indoor environment where the measurements are collected. The results indicate that the compact sectorized antenna array prototype performs better than the linear array prototype for in-room communication and that the reverse is true for inter-room communication.     

用于图像传感器制造的光刻技术

引言任何一种数字成像的核心都是图像传感器。它的基本结构包括一个能把光转换为图像的有源像素矩阵。数码相机和带相机的移动电话带动了图像传感器需求市场的快速增长,它们已成为主要IC制造商大量生产的产品之一。制造成像阵列通常采用两种主要的工艺技术——电荷耦合器件(CCD)和CMOS图像传感器(CIS)。在形成工艺层次组合和电学设计方面,这两种技术有很大差别。但是,两者都需要优化,以俘获到达的光线,并将其更有效地转化为电信号。CCD器件在象素区把光子转换为电荷。CIS器件则可以看作为改进的存储器单元,每一单元包含一个可以产生…     

The environmental impact of lightweight HCPV modules: efficient design and effective deployment

We present a life cycle analysis of a lightweight design of high concentration photovoltaic module. The materials and processes used in construction are considered to assess the total environmental impact of the module construction in terms of the cumulative energy demand and embodied greenhouse gas emissions, which were found to be 355.3 MJ and 27.9 kgCO_2eq respectively. We consider six potential deployment locations and the system energy payback times are calculated to be 0.22–0.33 years whilst the greenhouse gas payback times are 0.29–0.88 years. The emission intensities over the lifetimes of the systems are found to be 6.5–9.8 g CO_2eq/kWh, lower than those of other HCPV, PV and CSP technologies in similar locations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

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The number of species in bloom in 25 m² permanent plots, which were located in grasslands subject to a range of management regimes, was monitored at regular intervals in 1986 and 1988. A single well‐defined peak of number of species in bloom occurred in early July (around day 190: 9 July) for all non‐mown sites. Only a minority of species flowered well away from the peak. It is recommended that management and interpretive strategies for grazed and unmanaged grasslands should concentrate on exploiting this phenomenon, whilst mowing regimes for amenity grasslands should be manipulated to provide colour and interest early and late in the season.     

Thermal Expansion of Alkaline‐Doped Lanthanum Ferrite Near the Néel Temperature

The thermal expansion and magnetic behaviors of divalent, alkaline‐doped lanthanum ferrites (La_0.9M_0.1FeO₃, M=Ca, Sr, Ba) were assessed using a combination of dilatometry, magnetometry, time‐of‐flight neutron diffraction, and high‐temperature X‐ray diffraction. Néel temperatures were determined through vibrating sample magnetometry and correlated well with changes in thermal expansion behavior observed during both dilatometry and X‐ray diffraction. The Néel temperatures observed for pure, Ca‐doped, Sr‐doped, and Ba‐doped lanthanum ferrites were 471°C, 351°C, 465°C, and 466°C, respectively. The effect of divalent substitutions on the magnetic behavior are attributed to charge compensation mechanisms and structural changes in the material.     

Glycoalkaloid Concentrations in Aerial Tubers of Potato ( Solanum tuberosumL)

The total glycoalkaloid concentrations in aerial and subterranean tubers of 14 potato genotypes were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography immediately after harvest. Post-harvest, aerial tubers from all genotypes were exposed to 144 h continuous fluorescent light; additionally three genotypes (cvs Home Guard, Kerrs Pink and Desiree) were subjected to mechanical wounding prior to glycoalkaloid analysis. Variations in glycoalkaloid concentrations between aerial tubers taken from a single genotype (cv Kerrs Pink) were determined by analysis of eight aerial tubers formed in the second leaf axil, selected from separate individual plants. Irrespective of genotype, total and individual glycoalkaloid concentrations were higher in aerial than in subterranean tubers. The highest glycoalkaloid concentrations were found in aerial tubers of cv Kerrs Pink (1343·0 mg kg⁻¹ FW) and lowest in cv Lindsey (301·0 mg kg⁻¹ FW). Ratios of α-chaconine: α-solanine in aerial tubers differed significantly ( P< 0·05) from those in subterranean tubers of cv Cara, Golden Wonder, Home Guard, Lindsey, Maris Piper, Record and 8859 indicating that exposure to light during aerial tuber growth enhanced the synthesis of one glycoalkaloid to a greater degree than the other. In all cultivars except cv Maris Piper, exposure of aerial tubers to 144 h continuous fluorescent light post-harvest increased total and individual glycoalkaloids compared with dark-treated controls. However, the ratios of α-chaconine: α-solanine in all genotypes except cv Golden Wonder (decreased α-chaconine: α-solanine, P< 0·05) were not significantly altered in comparison with dark controls, indicating that light exposure of aerial tubers post-harvest fails to enhance selectively synthesis of individual glycoalkaloids in the majority of cultivars. Regardless of cultivar, total glycoalkaloid, α-solanine and α-chaconine concentrations were higher in wounded than unwounded aerial tubers. Wounding stimulated synthesis of α-solanine more than α-chaconine ( P< 0·05) in cv Home Guard and Desiree. Glycoalkaloid concentrations in aerial tubers varied widely from a minimum of 1010 mg kg⁻¹ to a maximum of 2520 mg kg⁻¹ FW when harvested from individual plants of cv Kerrs Pink but selected from equivalent positions on the plant. Throughout the experiments large, non-significant increases in total and individual glycoalkaloid concentrations were recorded following light and wounding treatments. The scientific implications of aerial tuber formation are discussed.     

Oncogenes and the Origins of Leukemias

Self-maintaining hematopoietic stem cells are a cell population that is primarily ‘at risk’ to malignant transformation, and the cell-of-origin for some leukemias. Tissue-specific stem cells replenish the different types of functional cells within a particular tissue to meet the demands of an organism. For hematopoietic stem cells, this flexibility is important to satisfy the changing requirements for a certain type of immune cell, when needed. From studies of the natural history of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, an initial oncogenic and prenatal insult gives rise to a preleukemic clone. At least a second genomic insult is needed that gives rise to a leukemia stem cell: this cell generates a hierarchy of leukemia cells. For some leukemias, there is evidence to support the concept that one of the genomic insults leads to dysregulation of the tissue homeostatic role of hematopoietic stem cells so that the hierarchy of differentiating leukemia cells belongs to just one cell lineage. Restricting the expression of particular oncogenes in transgenic mice to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells led to different human-like lineage-restricted leukemias. Lineage restriction is seen for human leukemias by virtue of their sub-grouping with regard to a phenotypic relationship to just one cell lineage.