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31.
Effect of enzymatic transesterification on the melting points of palm stearin-sunflower oil mixtures
O. M. Lai H. M. Ghazali C. L. Chong 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》1998,75(7):881-886
Transesterification with lipases may be used to convert mixtures of fats to plastic fats, making them more suitable for use
in edible products. In our study, 1,3-specific (Aspergillus niger, Mucor javanicus, Rhizomucor miehei, Rhizopus javanicus, and Rhizopus niveus) and nonspecific (Pseudomonas sp. and Candida rugosa) lipases were used to transesterify mixtures of palm stearin and sunflower oil (PS-SO) at a 40:60 ratio in a solvent-free
medium. The transesterified mixtures of PS-SO were analyzed for their percentage free fatty acids (FFA), degree and rate of
transesterification, solid fat content, slip melting point (SMP), and melting characteristics by differential scanning calorimetry.
Results indicated that Pseudomonas sp. lipase produced the highest degree (77.3%) and rate (50.0 h−1) of transesterification, followed by R. miehei lipase at 32.7% and 27.1 h−1, respectively. The highest percentage FFA liberated was also in the reaction mixtures catalyzed by Pseudomonas sp. (2.5%) lipase and R. miehei (2.4%). Pseudomonas-catalyzed mixtures produced the biggest drop in SMP (13.5°C) and showed complete melting at below body temperature. All results
indicated conversion of the PS-SO mixtures to a more fluid product. The findings also suggest that the specificity of lipases
may not play a significant role in lowering the melting point of the PS-SO mixtures. 相似文献
32.
33.
Effects of Enzymatic Liquefaction, Maltodextrin Concentration, and Spray-Dryer Air Inlet Temperature on Pumpkin Powder Characteristics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Forough Shavakhi Huey Chern Boo Azizah Osman Hasanah Mohd. Ghazali 《Food and Bioprocess Technology》2012,5(7):2837-2847
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of three variables namely cellulase (Celluclast, Novozymes, Denmark) concentration (0–1%, v/w (x 1)), maltodextrin (MD) concentration (15–30%, w/w (x 2)), and spray-dryer air inlet temperature (150–190 °C (x 3)) on pumpkin powder characteristics using enzymatically macerated pumpkin with Pectinex® Ultra SP-L (2.5%, v/w). The powder characteristics considered as response variables in response surface methodology were process yield, moisture content, stickiness, water activity, and hygroscopicity. Results indicated that the response surface models were significantly (p?≤?0.05) fitted for all response variables in the studied independent variables range. The concentration of Celluclast and MD should be considered as critical factors which may increase process yield of pumpkin powder. The effect of Celluclast concentration on pumpkin powder characteristics especially for process yield and stickiness was noticeable. The main effect of MD and quadratic term of Celluclast had the most significant effect on stickiness. Negative interaction value of MD with Celluclast indicated that stickiness decreased when mixture of MD and Celluclast was used and also Celluclast reduced the impact of air inlet temperature on stickiness. The overall optimum region resulted in a desirable powder characteristics was predicted to be obtained by combined level of air inlet temperature 180 °C, Celluclast 0.7% (v/w), and MD 23% (w/w). The theoretical and experimental validation ensuring the adequacy of the response surface models described the changes in physical properties of powder as a function of Celluclast, MD, and air inlet temperature. 相似文献
34.
Ghazali MS Zakaria A Rizwan Z Kamari HM Hashim M Zaid MH Zamiri R 《International journal of molecular sciences》2011,12(3):1496-1504
The optical band-gap energy (E(g)) is an important feature of semiconductors which determines their applications in optoelectronics. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the electronic states of ceramic ZnO and the effect of doped impurities under different processing conditions. E(g) of the ceramic ZnO + xBi(2)O(3) + xTiO(2), where x = 0.5 mol%, was determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer attached to a Reflectance Spectroscopy Accessory for powdered samples. The samples was prepared using the solid-state route and sintered at temperatures from 1140 to 1260 °C for 45 and 90 minutes. E(g) was observed to decrease with an increase of sintering temperature. XRD analysis indicated hexagonal ZnO and few small peaks of intergranular layers of secondary phases. The relative density of the sintered ceramics decreased and the average grain size increased with the increase of sintering temperature. 相似文献
35.
Ping Chuan Siow Jaharah A. Ghani Mariyam Jameelah Ghazali Talib Ria Jaafar Mohamad Asri Selamat Che Hassan Che Haron 《Ceramics International》2013,39(2):1293-1298
Coating a cutting tool improves wear resistance and prolongs tool life. Coating performance strongly depends on the mechanical and chemical properties of the coating material. In a machining process, the type of selected coating depends on the cutting condition because of the properties of the applied coating material. In addition, many factors, such as coating thickness, composition ratio, sequences of layers in multilayer coatings, and the deposition method influence the performance of a coating. In this study, the mechanical properties of TiCN and TiCN/ZrN were investigated using a ball on disk test. The substrate material made from a carbide-based cutting tool was also developed in-house. The analysis performed shows that the performances of TiCN and TiCN/ZrN coatings were found to be comparable to that of the commercial TiN-coated carbide-based cutting tool. Both the in-house and commercial coated inserts had significantly lower coefficient of friction than uncoated inserts, and the friction coefficient of TiCN coatings was constantly slightly lower than that of TiN coatings. Moreover, the coefficient of friction of the in-house developed TiCN was slightly lower than that of commercial TiN coating. However, the coefficient of friction of the in-house developed uncoated carbide inserts was slightly higher than that of commercial uncoated carbide inserts. 相似文献
36.
Wael Mousa Farinazleen Mohd. Ghazali Selamat Jinap Hasanah Mohd. Ghazali Son Radu 《Journal of food science》2013,78(1):M56-M63
Abstract: The aim of this study was to model the radial growth rate and to assess aflatoxin production by Aspergillus flavus as a function of water activity (aw 0.82 to 0.92) and temperature (12 to 42 °C) on polished and brown rice. The growth of the fungi, expressed as colony diameter (mm) was measured daily, and the aflatoxins were analyzed using HPLC with a fluorescence detector. The growth rates were estimated using the primary model of Baranyi, which describes the change in colony radius as a function of time. Total of 2 secondary models were used to describe the combined effects of aw and temperature on the growth rates. The models were validated using independent experimental data. Linear Arrhenius–Davey model proved to be the best predictor of A. flavus growth rates on polished and brown rice followed by polynomial model. The estimated optimal growth temperature was around 30 °C. A. flavus growth and aflatoxins were not detected at 0.82 aw on polished rice while growth and aflatoxins were detected at this aw between 25 and 35 °C on brown rice. The highest amounts of toxins were formed at the highest aw values (0.90 to 0.92) at a temperature of 20 °C after 21 d of incubation on both types of rice. Nevertheless, the consistencies of toxin production within a wider range of aw values occurred between 25 to 30 °C. Brown rice seems to support A. flavus growth and aflatoxin production more than the polished rice. Practical Application: The developed models can be used to estimate to what extent the change in grain ecosystem conditions affect the storage stability and safety of grains without the need for running long‐standing storage study. By monitoring the intergranular relative humidity and temperature at different locations in the storage facility and inputting these data into the models, it is directly possible to assess either the conditions are conductive for the growth of A. flavus or aflatoxin production. 相似文献
37.
The purpose of this work is to understand the effect of cerium addition on wear resistance behaviour of as-cast alloys. Al–12Si–4 Mg alloys with 1–5 wt% cerium addition were prepared using the casting technique. A sliding wear test was carried out under applied loads of 10 N, 30 N and 50 N at a fixed sliding speed of 1 m/s using a pin-on-disc configuration. The wear test was conducted in dry conditions at room temperature of 25 °C. Detailed analysis of the microstructure, worn surface, collected debris and microhardness was undertaken in order to investigate the differences between the as-cast alloys with different levels of cerium addition. The addition of 1–5 wt% cerium was found to lead to the precipitation of intermetallic phases (Al–Ce), resulting a needle-like structures. Increasing cerium content up to 2 wt% improved both wear resistance and microhardness of as-cast alloys. Addition of more than 2 wt% cerium, however, led to a decrease in microhardness, resulting in lower wear resistance of the alloys. Moderate wear was observed at all loads, with specific wear rates (K′) ranging from 6.82 × 10−5 with 2 wt% Ce at applied load of 50 N to 21.48 × 10−5 mm3/N m without added Ce at an applied load of 10 N. Based on K′ ranges, the as-cast alloys exhibited moderate wear regimes, and the mechanism of wear is a combination of abrasion and adhesion. Alloy containing 2 wt% Ce, with the highest hardness and lowest K′ value, showed the greatest wear resistance. 相似文献
38.
Comparison of lipase-transesterified blend with some commercial solid frying shortenings in Malaysia
B. S. Chu H. M. Ghazali O. M. Lai Y. B. Che Man S. Yusof S. B. Tee M. S. A. Yusoff 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2001,78(12):1213-1219
A transesterified experimental solid frying shortening was prepared from a palm stearin/palm kernel olein blend at 1∶1 ratio
(by weight) by using Rhizomucor miehei lipase at 60°C for 6 h. The fatty acid (FA) and triacylglycerol compositions, polymorphic forms, melting and cooling characteristics,
slip melting point (SMP), and solid fat content (SFC) of the transesterified blend were then compared with five commercial
solid frying shortenings (three domestic and two imported) found in Malaysia. All the domestic shortenings contained nonhydrogenated
palm oil or palm olein and palm stearin as the hard stock, whereas the imported frying shortenings were formulated from soybean
oil and cottonseed oil and contained high level of β′ crystals. Trans FA were also found in these samples. The lipase-transesterified blend was found to be more β′-tending than the domestic samples.
The SMP of the transesterified blend (47.0°C) fell within the range of the domestic samples (37.8–49.7°C) but was higher than
the imported ones (42.3–43.0°C). All samples exhibited similar differential scanning calorimetry cooling profiles, with a
narrow peak at the higher temperatures and a broad peak at the lower temperatures, even though their heating thermograms were
quite different. Imported samples had flatter SFC curves than both the experimental and domestic samples. The domestic samples
were found to have better workability or plasticity at higher temperatures than the imported ones, probably because they were
formulated for a tropical climate. 相似文献
39.
40.
A Atik A Ghazali JM Achard Z Rida R Oprisiu M Brazier P Leflon J Gueris P Morinière Z Sari A Fournier 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1997,18(2):47-52
We studied lipids, apolipoprotein-E (apo-epsilon) genotypes and other coronary artery disease (CAD) risk factors of 67 CAD patients (male/female ratio 5) in Cura?ao. Compared with 57 controls, male CAD patients had higher cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, apo-B and decreased HDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol/cholesterol concentrations. Other CAD risk factors were: increased fasting glucose and HbA1c concentrations, decreased creatinine clearance, and increased prevalences of lipoprotein (a) concentration > 500 mg/l, renal disease, hyperhomocysteinaemia, diabetes mellitus type II (DM-II), positive CAD family history and cigarette smoking. Male CAD patients had higher plasma alpha-tocopheroleq. Compared with 29 female controls, female CAD patients had higher fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c concentrations, and prevalence of DM-II. Predicting factors for CAD development in the whole CAD group were: DM-II, cigarette smoking, apo-epsilon 3/epsilon 4 and apo-epsilon 4/epsilon 4 Apo-epsilon 4 was associated with lower HDL- and higher LDL-cholesterol concentrations. There is a need for local studies on improvement of diabetic control, reference values of lipoprotein (a) and homocysteine concentrations, on apolipoprotein (a) phenotypes, causes of hyperhomocysteinaemia, and dietary influences on CAD development in subjects who carry the apo-epsilon 4 allele. 相似文献