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91.
Ching-Chung Kuo Gillian Nicholls 《The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology》2014,71(5-8):1059-1068
The linear bottleneck assignment problem (LBAP), which is a variation of the classical assignment problem (CAP), seeks to minimize the longest completion time rather than the sum of the completion times when a number of jobs are to be assigned to the same number of workers. Several procedures have been proposed in the current literature to convert the LBAP into an equivalent CAP and then apply the Hungarian method to solve it efficiently. However, their applicability is limited because some of the elements in the transformed assignment matrix for the CAP can be too large to be handled by most computer programs. In this paper, we suggest a turnpike approach to alleviate the problem so that the conversion methodology will become more useful in practice. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the superiority of the new algorithm to the existing ones. 相似文献
92.
Katherine Brookfield Claire Fitzsimons Iain Scott Gillian Mead John Starr Neil Thin 《Building Research & Information》2015,43(5):616-630
Inactive lifestyles have negative health consequences, while time spent sedentary (sitting and lying) is related to morbidity and premature mortality. Older adults often form the most sedentary segment of the population. Much of this behaviour may be practised at home where this group can spend extended periods. Physical activity rates among older adults are particularly low. Even household physical activities can be beneficial for this group, while they can constitute much of an older person's total activity. Despite this context, the home's role in the active and sedentary behaviours of the older population appears critically understudied. Using interview and focus group data collected from 22 older adults (healthy volunteers, stroke survivors and people with dementia), this paper begins to address this issue. Aspects of the home that aid or impede a more active, less sedentary lifestyle are identified with three presenting particular capacity in this respect discussed: steps, space within the home, and the location and form of facilities, fixtures and fittings. The crucial role health status plays in structuring this capacity is identified. Simple design recommendations, devised to support older people to lead more active lives at home, are presented. 相似文献
93.
Bin Cui Cheng Song Gillian A. Gehring Fan Li Guangyue Wang Chao Chen Jingjing Peng Haijun Mao Fei Zeng Feng Pan 《Advanced functional materials》2015,25(6):864-870
Electrical manipulation of lattice, charge, and spin is realized respectively by the piezoelectric effect, field‐effect transistor, and electric field control of ferromagnetism, bringing about dramatic promotions both in fundamental research and industrial production. However, it is generally accepted that the orbital of materials are impossible to be altered once they have been made. Here, electric field is used to dynamically tune the electronic‐phase transition in (La,Sr)MnO3 films with different Mn4+/(Mn3+ + Mn4+) ratios. The orbital occupancy and corresponding magnetic anisotropy of these thin films are manipulated by gate voltage in a reversible and quantitative manner. Positive gate voltage increases the proportion of occupancy of the orbital and magnetic anisotropy that were initially favored by strain (irrespective of tensile and compressive), while negative gate voltage reduces the concomitant preferential orbital occupancy and magnetic anisotropy. Besides its fundamental significance in orbital physics, these findings might advance the process towards practical oxide‐electronics based on orbital. 相似文献
94.
Whitaker KM Raskin M Kiliani G Beha K Ochsenbein ST Janssen N Fonin M Rüdiger U Leitenstorfer A Gamelin DR Bratschitsch R 《Nano letters》2011,11(8):3355-3360
We use time-resolved Faraday rotation spectroscopy to probe the electron spin dynamics in ZnO and magnetically doped Zn(1-x)Co(x)O sol-gel thin films. In undoped ZnO, we observe an anomalous temperature dependence of the ensemble spin dephasing time T(2), i.e., longer coherence times at higher temperatures, reaching T(2) ~ 1.2 ns at room temperature. Time-resolved transmission measurements suggest that this effect arises from hole trapping at grain surfaces. Deliberate addition of Co(2+) to ZnO increases the effective electron Lande? g factor, providing the first direct determination of the mean-field electron-Co(2+) exchange energy in Zn(1-x)Co(x)O (N(0)α = +0.25 ± 0.02 eV). In Zn(1-x)Co(x)O, T(2) also increases with increasing temperature, allowing spin precession to be observed even at room temperature. 相似文献
95.
This study investigated the impacts of high pressure thermal hydrolysis (HPTH) pretreatment on the distribution of chemical oxygen demand (COD) species in waste activated sludge (WAS). In the first phase of the project, WAS from a synthetically-fed biological reactor (BR) was fed to an aerobic digester (AD). In the second phase, WAS from the BR was pretreated by HPTH at 150 °C and 3 bars for 30 min prior to being fed to the AD. A range of physical, biochemical and biological properties were regularly measured in each process stream in both phases. The COD of the BR WAS consisted of storage products (XSTO), active heterotrophs (XH) and endogenous decay products (XE). Pretreatment did not increase the extent to which the BR WAS was aerobically digested and hence it was concluded that the unbiodegradable COD fraction, i.e. XE, was unchanged by pretreatment. However, pretreatment did increase the rate of degradation as it converted 36% of XH to readily biodegradable COD (SB) and the remaining XH to slowly biodegradable COD (XB). Furthermore, XSTO was fully converted to SB by pretreatment. Although pretreatment did not change the VSS concentration in the downstream aerobic digester, it did decrease the ISS concentration by 46 ± 11%. This reduced the total mass of solids produced by the digester by 21 ± 8%. A COD-based HPTH pretreatment model was developed and calibrated. When this model was integrated into BioWin 3.1®, it was able to accurately simulate both the steady state performance of the overall system employed in this study as well as dynamic respirometry results. 相似文献
96.
E. Denise Baxter Daniel Cooper Gillian M. Fisher Robert E. Muller 《Journal of the Institute of Brewing》2007,113(2):130-134
A method has been developed for the detection of trace quantities of residual isinglass present in fined beers. Isinglass residues in beer are concentrated by means of an antibody raised using isinglass as an antigen. The separated isinglass is hydrolysed to its constituent acids and quantified by measuring the content of hydroxyproline. The limit of quantification of this method, that is the concentration of isinglass in beer which can be distinguished from background levels of hydroxyproline, is 0.17 mg of isinglass/litre of beer (on an isinglass dry weight basis). This method has been used to quantify the concentration of isinglass residues which could be present in brewery and cask conditioned beers, and also to determine whether there is likely to be stratification of isinglass residues in casks. 相似文献
97.
98.
Claudia Paoletti Andreas Heissenberger Marco Mazzara Sara Larcher Emanuele Grazioli Philippe Corbisier Norbert Hess Gilbert Berben Peter S. Lübeck Marc De Loose Gillian Moran Christine Henry Carlo Brera Imma Folch Jaroslava Ovesna Guy Van den Eede 《European Food Research and Technology》2006,224(1):129-139
The reliability of analytical testing is strongly affected by sampling uncertainty. Sampling is always a source of error and the aim of “good” sampling practice is to minimize this error. Generally the distribution of genetically modified (GM) material within lots is assumed to be random in order to use binomial distribution to make inferences. This assumption was never verified in practice and no experimental data investigating the distribution of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) exist. The objectives of the KeLDA project were: (1) to assess the distribution of GM material in soybean lots (2) to estimate the amount of variability of distribution patterns among lots. The GM content of 15 soybean lots imported into the EU was estimated (using real-time PCR methodology) analyzing 100 increment samples systematically sampled from each lot at predetermined time intervals during the whole period of off-loading. The distribution of GM material was inferred by the one-dimensional (temporal) distribution of contaminated increments. All the lots display significant spatial structuring, indicating that randomness cannot be assumed a priori. The evidence that the distribution of GM material is heterogeneous highlights the need to develop sampling protocols based on statistical models free of distribution requirements. 相似文献
99.
Eight strip loins (M. longissimus dorsi) from pasture fed Friesian bulls were aged at 15 °C for a range of times from 1 to 120 h. pH declined from 6.29 (SE 0.119) one hour post slaughter to an ultimate pH of 5.48 (SE 0.013). The activities of the components of the calpain system (μ-calpain, m-calpain and calpastatin) were determined after separation on a DEAE-sephacel column. There was a dramatic decline in μ-calpain activity post slaughter with a complete disappearance within 48 h. The rates of decline in m-calpain and calpastatin activity were slower with 30% and 50% remaining 120 h post slaughter, respectively. The rapid decline in μ-calpain activity relative to the calpastatin activity is likely to reduce the degree of tenderisation and ultimate tenderness of the meat. 相似文献
100.
Minds and Machines - 相似文献