Understanding advanced hemodynamic concepts

This article reviews the determinants of myocardial oxygen supply (MVO2) and consumption and revisits the effects of IABC on each. Measurements of MVO2, including diastolic pressure-time index (DPTI), tension-time index (TTI), and endocardial viability ratios (EVR), demonstrate the dramatic effects of balloon deflation and the resulting afterload reduction on MVO2. IABC enhances ventricular outflow, thus decreasing preload; reduces systolic and end-diastolic aortic pressures, causing a decrease in ventricular afterload; magnifies the intrinsic Windkessel effect in the aorta, leading to an increased stroke volume; decreases static work and accordingly, MVO2; and stimulates the baroreceptors, causing a reduction in peripheral vascular resistance. IABC also increase in heart rate. Bedside computers enable the clinician to take a closer look at balloon efficacy via DPTI, TTI, and EVR. New sources of information and understanding may provide opportunities for nurses to ensure optimum patient outcomes.     

Cross-validation of fat-free mass estimated from body density against bioelectrical resistance: effects of obesity and gender

The major purpose of this study was to examine whether estimates of body composition from bioelectrical resistance were systematically biased by obesity and/or gender (using hydrodensitometry as a comparison method). We compared fat-free mass (FFM) by bioelectrical resistance (BR) using 5 equations (Lukaski, Kushner, Rising, Khaled, and Segal) to FFM by hydrodensitometry (HD) in 20 lean men, 30 lean women, 33 obese men and 22 obese women. None of the BR equations was successfully cross-validated against FFM by HD in all 4 sub-groups. The Lukaski equation significantly underestimated FFM in all 4 groups by 2.7 to 4.7 kg; the Kushner equation significantly underestimated FFM by 2.0 to 2.9 kg except in obese women; the Rising equation significantly overestimated FFM in obese women (5.3 kg) and men (2.9 kg); the Khaled equation successfully predicted FFM in all groups except obese men; and the Segal equation successfully predicted FFM in all groups except lean men. In some groups, a portion of the discrepancy could be explained by bias originating from body fat. Analysis of our data by forward regression analysis demonstrated that height2/resistance, body weight, gender and suprailiac skinfold thickness provide the most accurate estimates of FFM (R2 = 0.92; SEE = 3.58 kg) that are free of bias originating from gender and body fat. We conclude that the estimation of fat-free mass by BR is significantly influenced by gender and obesity. An alternative equation is proposed for estimating fat-free mass based on measurement of height2/resistance, body weight, gender and suprailiac skinfold thickness.     

Properties of Weft Knitted Composites Affected by Preform Stretching

The influence of preform stretching on mechanical properties of weft knitted PP/glass fibre composites was estimated. Stretching of Rib 1:1 weft knitted fabric was performed prior to consolidation in a wale or course direction and biaxially. Preform stretching increased tensile and bending strength of composite as a result of additional orientation of the reinforcing fibres in the stretching direction. Stretching in a wale direction was shown to be most effective due to the specific inherent structure of Rib 1:1 fabric. The impact toughness of composites was not significantly changed as a result of decreased preform elasticity in the direction of stretching.     

Semantic integration of enterprise information systems using meta-metadata ontology

This paper proposes a non-domain-specific metadata ontology as a core component in a semantic model-based document management system (DMS), a potential contender towards the enterprise information systems of the next generation. What we developed is the core semantic component of an ontology-driven DMS, providing a robust semantic base for describing documents’ metadata. We also enabled semantic services such as automated semantic translation of metadata from one domain to another. The core semantic base consists of three semantic layers, each one serving a different view of documents’ metadata. The core semantic component’s base layer represents a non-domain-specific metadata ontology founded on ebRIM specification. The main purpose of this ontology is to serve as a meta-metadata ontology for other domain-specific metadata ontologies. The base semantic layer provides a generic metadata view. For the sake of enabling domain-specific views of documents’ metadata, we implemented two domain-specific metadata ontologies, semantically layered on top of ebRIM, serving domain-specific views of the metadata. In order to enable semantic translation of metadata from one domain to another, we established model-to-model mappings between these semantic layers by introducing SWRL rules. Having the semantic translation of metadata automated not only allows for effortless switching between different metadata views, but also opens the door for automating the process of documents long-term archiving. For the case study, we chose judicial domain as a promising ground for improving the efficiency of the judiciary by introducing the semantics in this field.     

The development of a new integral control model based on the analysis of three complex systems in Serbia

The aim of this paper is to analyse the results of research carried out in the railway, mining, and electric power systems in Serbia and form a new integral control model. The three methodological procedures are applied. First, analytical-synthetic methodological approach breaks down complex technical system into three parts: bio-cybernetic system, “operator”; technical system, “technology”; and additional system, “working environment.” Second, network planning method is used to analyse time, according to the critical path method. Third, fuzzy analytic hierarchy process determines the key research factors. General results of research are new integral control model, and new research areas and activities. The most prominent factors are: in “bio-cybernetic system”—operator’s arm reach, body postures and movement sequences, operator’s work, occurrence of stress, and occurrence of fatigue; in “technical system”—location and dimension of control desk, display panel, video display terminal, symbols on video display terminal, colours in control centres, and suitability of the keyboards; and in “supporting system”—illumination in control centres and relative humidity. Based on the analysis of factors and synthesis of results, the following recommendation are proposed: new control desk design; new display panel design; new design of the main and local lighting; new illumination and contrast characteristics, and environmental impact assessment. For research on a variety of complex technical systems, new integral control model can be applied, with corresponding extensions.     

Harvesting of river flow energy for wireless sensor network technology

River courses play a vital role in preserving unpolluted ecosystems. On the other hand, networks of sensor nodes can be used to measure characteristic parameters in the environment such as temperature, pressure, humidity or the concentration of pollutants. In the framework of the EU FP7 project “GOLDFISH”, technical competences of a consortium of 11 institutions are hence employed in designing, manufacturing, validating and operating wireless sensors nodes for tracking pollution in remote rivers. The sensor network is composed of sensor clusters located underwater and gateways on the riverbank with long-distance communication links to the central management and monitoring station. Each sensor node is composed of active electronic devices that have to be constantly powered. Batteries can generally be used for this purpose, but problems may occur when they are to be recharged or replaced, especially in the case of large networks placed in scarcely accessible locations. State-of-the-art energy harvesting technologies can hence constitute a viable powering solution. The possibility to use different small-scale river flow energy harvesting principles is thoroughly studied in this work by the University of Rijeka GOLDFISH team: a miniaturized hydro-generator, a ‘piezoelectric eel’ and a hybrid solution of a rotating shaft plucking a piezoelectric beam. The first two concepts are validated experimentally in a flow channel and in real river conditions. The miniaturized hydro-generator with suitable power management electronics is finally embedded into the wireless sensor node deployed into the river, allowing the GSM transmission of collected data to be successfully performed.     

Crystallization of Zirconium-Rich PLZT Thin Films Below 500°C

The general problem of processing zirconium-rich lead-lanthanum-zirconate-titanate (PLZT) thin films at the commonly used temperatures between 600 and 650 C is lead-oxide loss, leading to the formation of a non-ferroelectric, surface pyrochlore-type phase. To avoid lead-oxide losses due to sublimation and/or the interaction of the film with the substrate, it is desirable that the annealing temperatures are as low as possible. Our goal was to study and prepare perovskite PLZT 9.5/65/35 (Pb 0.858 La 0.095 Zr 0.65 Ti 0.35 O 3 ) thin films below 500 C. At 400 C the growth of the perovskite phase follows the parabolic law typical of diffusion controlled processes. During prolonged annealing growth continues until the limiting stoichiometry of the perovskite phase with regard to the PbO is reached. We conclude that, even at this low temperature the amount of PbO in the film is the critical factor in the crystallization of the perovskite phase.     

Wear Mechanisms of Glass-Infiltrated Alumina Sliding Against Alumina in Water

Glass-infiltrated alumina is now commonly used as a core material in dental restorations. If the veneer layer, which covers the core, is broken or damaged through use, a direct contact between the core and the opposing restorative material or human enamel can occur. The wear behavior in simulated contacts with human enamel has already been studied. In the present work, we have investigated the wear mechanisms of glass-infiltrated alumina in contact with a high-purity alumina as an opposing ceramic restoration. Wear tests were performed in a pin-on-disk tribometer under conditions that roughly resemble those in the oral environment. The wear rates of the alumina balls and the glass-infiltrated disks sliding in water increased linearly with load. No wear transition (i.e., a sudden increase in wear) was observed as either the load or the sliding distance was increased. Examination of the wear debris in the SEM suggested the presence of wear particles that are often attributed to the formation of hydrated aluminum oxide through tribochemical reactions between water and alumina. While tribochemical wear was the dominating wear mechanism for the alumina balls, microfracture and delamination governed the wear behavior of the glass-infiltrated alumina disks. Examination of the surface layers formed on the disk wear tracks confirmed the presence of amorphous hydrated alumina on the wear track. It is suggested that these reaction products smear on the wear track filling the pores produced by microfracture and delamination. The high wear resistance of glass-infiltrated alumina is attributed to the presence of hydrated alumina in the third body layer that accommodates the interfacial shear stresses and the high strength due to strong bonding between the glass phase and alumina grains. Based on the observed wear resistance of glass-infiltrated alumina in the present study, this material should be evaluated for applications in addition to dental restorations.     

Nanolayer CrAlN/TiSiN coating designed for tribological applications

With the goal to produce a hard and tough coating intended for tribological applications, CrAlN/TiSiN nanolayer coating was prepared by alternative deposition of CrAlN and TiSiN layers. In the first part of the article, a detailed study of phase composition, microstructure, and layer structure of CrAlN/TiSiN coating is presented. In the second part, its mechanical properties, fracture and tribological behavior are compared to the nanocomposite TiSiN coating. An industrial magnetron sputtering unit was used for coating deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used for compositional and microstructural analysis. Mechanical properties and fracture behavior were studied by instrumented indentation and focused ion beam techniques. Tribological properties were evaluated by ball-on-disk test in a linear reciprocal mode. A complex layer structure was found in the nanolayer coating. The TiSiN layers were epitaxially stabilized inside the coating which led to formation of dislocations at interfaces, to introduction of disturbances in the coating growth, and as a result, to development of fine-grained columnar microstructure. Indentation load required for the onset of fracture was twice lower for the nanolayer CrAlN/TiSiN, compared to the nanocomposite TiSiN coating. This agrees very well with their mechanical properties, with H³/E² being twice higher for the TiSiN coating. However, the nanolayer coating experienced less severe damage, which had a strong impact on tribological behavior. A magnitude of order lower wear rate and four times lower steady state friction coefficient were found for the nanolayer coating.     

Azimuthally oscillating membrane emulsification for controlled droplet production

A novel membrane emulsification (ME) system is reported consisting of a tubular metal membrane, periodically azimuthally (tangentially) oscillated with frequencies up to 50 Hz and 7 mm displacement in a gently cross flowing continuous phase. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis showed consistent axial shear at the membrane surface, which became negligible at distances from the membrane surface greater than 0.5 mm. For comparison, CFD analysis of a fully rotating ME system showed local vortices in the continuous phase leading to a variable shear along the axis of the membrane. Using an azimuthally oscillating membrane, oil‐in‐water emulsions were experimentally produced with a median diameter of 20–120 μm, and a coefficient of variation of droplet size of 8%. The drop size was correlated with shear stress at the membrane surface using a force balance. In a single pass of continuous phase, it was possible to achieve high dispersed phase concentrations of 40% v/v. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 61: 3607–3615, 2015