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11.
Graeme Ritchie 《Minds and Machines》2007,17(1):67-99
Over recent decades there has been a growing interest in the question of whether computer programs are capable of genuinely
creative activity. Although this notion can be explored as a purely philosophical debate, an alternative perspective is to
consider what aspects of the behaviour of a program might be noted or measured in order to arrive at an empirically supported
judgement that creativity has occurred. We sketch out, in general abstract terms, what goes on when a potentially creative
program is constructed and run, and list some of the relationships (for example, between input and output) which might contribute
to a decision about creativity. Specifically, we list a number of criteria which might indicate interesting properties of
a program’s behaviour, from the perspective of possible creativity. We go on to review some ways in which these criteria have
been applied to actual implementations, and some possible improvements to this way of assessing creativity.
相似文献
Graeme RitchieEmail: |
12.
ABSTRACTThe United States and Canada have begun renegotiating the Columbia River Treaty, which is an international model for transboundary water governance. This paper identifies six institutional factors that will affect negotiations pertaining to fish passage during the renegotiation of the treaty: geographical advantage, issue linkage, a basin commission, the duration of agreements, negotiating autonomy and side payments. These factors and the methods used to determine them can be applied to other transboundary river basins where basin states have a history of transboundary resource governance. This analysis also serves as a policy-relevant resource for Columbia River Treaty negotiators and stakeholders. 相似文献
13.
Allinson M Kageyama S Nakajima D Kamata R Shiraishi F Goto S Salzman SA Allinson G 《Water science and technology》2012,66(4):768-774
In 2007, samples of treated effluent were collected at point of discharge to the environment from 39 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) located across Victoria, Australia grouped by treatment type. Sample genotoxicity was assessed with a high-throughput luminescent umu test method using Salmonella typhimurium TL210 strain, with and without addition of a commercially available metabolic activation system. Samples were also screened using a gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric mass-structure database recognition method. A genotoxic response was observed in half of the samples tested without metabolic activation system (相似文献
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Richard Ashley David Blackwood Nicki Souter Sarah Hendry Jim Moir Judith Dunkerley John Davies David Butler Andrew Cook Jim Conlin Martin Squibbs Andrew Britton Peter Goldie 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2005,131(2):206-215
The study presented is an example of the assessment of the relative sustainability of either option for disposal of domestic sanitary waste, either via the toilet or via the solid waste route. This required an evaluation of the total (social, economic, environmental, and technical) benefit/cost of implementing and adopting the alternative routes and an assessment of public responsiveness to encouragement to change sanitary waste disposal practices. It illustrates how, even for an apparently straightforward either/or question, the assessment of relative sustainability is complex and the amount of data needed to quantify sustainability indicators is prodigious. The study also provides an appraisal of the effectiveness of public campaigns to reduce waterborne disposal. Important information regarding public attitude and behavior in relation to wastewater systems has been acquired and lessons for ways of encouraging behavioral change to more sustainable ways of living have been gleaned. 相似文献
16.
Temperature–entropy (T–s) diagrams have the unique capability of being able to quantify processes in terms of both the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Although use of generalised T–s diagrams has been made to indicate or represent generalised absorption cycles, with the exception for NH3/water systems, these diagrams have not been specifically tailored to scale to quantify LiBr/water systems. The main barrier for this is that the diagram needs to represent the necessary properties of both the refrigerant (water) and of the solution (LiBr/water). This paper describes the use of the T–s diagram of water extended with additional curves to represent real and ideal LiBr/water absorption cycles. An explanation is provided on several methods available, including details of the thermodynamic justification of the method that was used, to construct the extended diagrams. Finally, the extended T–s diagram is provided with the representation of a real single-effect LiBr/water absorption refrigeration cycle. This should prove to be a valuable tool for design and research engineers to study and optimise LiBr/water chillers. 相似文献
17.
This paper is concerned with methods for refinement of specifications written using a combination of Object-Z and CSP. Such a combination has proved to be a suitable vehicle for specifying complex systems which involve state and behaviour, and several proposals exist for integrating these two languages. The basis of the integration in this paper is a semantics of Object-Z classes identical to CSP processes. This allows classes specified in Object-Z to be combined using CSP operators. It has been shown that this semantic model allows state-based refinement relations to be used on the Object-Z components in an integrated Object-Z/CSP specification. However, the current refinement methodology does not allow the structure of a specification to be changed in a refinement, whereas a full methodology would, for example, allow concurrency to be introduced during the development life-cycle. In this paper, we tackle these concerns and discuss refinements of specifications written using Object-Z and CSP where we change the structure of the specification when performing the refinement. In particular, we develop a set of structural simulation rules which allow single components to be refined to more complex specifications involving CSP operators. The soundness of these rules is verified against the common semantic model and they are illustrated via a number of examples. 相似文献
18.
Glaura G. Silva Anthony W. Musumeci Ana Paula Gomes Jiang-Wen Liu Eric R. Waclawik Graeme A. George Ray L. Frost Marcos A. Pimenta 《Journal of Materials Science》2009,44(13):3498-3503
A purified commercial double-walled carbon nanotube (DWCNT) sample was investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM),
thermogravimetry (TG), and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the heat capacity of the DWCNT sample was determined by temperature-modulated
differential scanning calorimetry in the range of temperature between −50 and 290 °C. The main thermo-oxidation characterized
by TG occurred at 474 °C with the loss of 90 wt% of the sample. Thermo-oxidation of the sample was also investigated by high-resolution
TG, which indicated that a fraction rich in carbon nanotube represents more than 80 wt% of the material. Other carbonaceous
fractions rich in amorphous coating and graphitic particles were identified by the deconvolution procedure applied to the
derivative of TG curve. Complementary structural data were provided by TEM and Raman studies. The information obtained allows
the optimization of composites based on this nanomaterial with reliable characteristics. 相似文献
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