Improved bioproduction of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from excess sludge under alkaline conditions

The production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) from excess sludge was conducted in batch fermentation tests at different pH values ranging from 4.0 to 11.0. Experimental results of the impacts of different pHs on SCFAs production showed that during the first 8-day fermentation time the total SCFAs production at either pH 9.0 or pH 10.0 was much greater than that at acidic or neutral pH, and the maximal yield of 256.2 mg SCFAs-COD per gram of volatile suspended solids (VSS) was at pH 10.0, which was, respectively, over3 and 4times that at pH 5.0 and uncontrolled pH. Clearly, SCFAs production from excess sludge could be significantly improved and maintained stable by controlling the fermentation pH at 10.0. The composition of SCFAs and the percent distribution of individual SCFAs accounting for total SCFAs at pH 10.0 were analyzed. The SCFAs consisted of acetic, propionic, iso-butyric, n-butyric, iso-valeric, and n-valeric acids, and acetic acid was the most prevalent product with a fraction of 40-55%. Because the results of this study were differentfrom those of previous studies of SCFAs production, the mechanism of increased SCFAs production under alkaline conditions was investigated. Results showed that as soluble COD increased, more soluble protein was provided as the substrate for producing SCFAs. In addition, less or even no SCFAs were consumed by methanogens at alkaline pH, so the SCFAs production was therefore remarkably improved. Further investigation revealed thatthe formation of SCFA at pH 10.0 was dominated by biological effects rather than by chemical hydrolysis.     

霞草发酵酒的研制及稳定性研究

对霞草发酵酒的加工技术及其稳定性进行研究.结果表明,霞草发酵酒最佳发酵条件为:发酵时间5d,发酵温度26℃,加糖量24%,接种量8%.采用3g/L壳聚糖对酒体进行澄清,可使酒体澄清透亮.食品添加剂如蔗搪、柠檬酸对发酵酒的稳定没有影响,而金属离子Na+、K+、Fe2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Mg2+对发酵酒的稳定性有一定影响.     

杨梅酮对高脂诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪肝的预防作用

研究杨梅酮(Myricetin,MTN)对高脂诱导的肥胖小鼠脂肪肝的预防作用。32只C57BL/6J雄性小鼠随机分为4组:对照组(CT,饲喂正常日粮),对照+杨梅酮组(CT+MTN,饲喂含质量分数0.2%杨梅酮的正常日粮),高脂组(HF,饲喂高脂日粮),高脂+杨梅酮组(HF+MTN,饲喂含质量分数0.2%杨梅酮的高脂日粮)。10周后测定小鼠代谢差异(能量消耗、呼吸交换率、自主活动),血脂水平,肝脏氧化还原状态及脂质沉积情况,同时采用q PCR检测小鼠肝脏脂质代谢相关基因的表达。结果表明与对照组相比,长期高脂日粮导致小鼠体质量显著增加,内脏脂肪沉积,能量消耗显著降低(P0.05)。肝脏发生氧化应激,表现为MDA显著上升,GSH-Px、SOD、CAT、GSH显著下降(P0.05)。肝脏脂肪变性,肝脏甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、游离脂肪酸(FFA)水平均显著高于对照组,脂质合成相关基因(Acc1、Fasn、Srebf1)显著上调,脂肪酸氧化相关基因(Cpt1α、Pparα)显著下调。高脂日粮基础上添加杨梅酮能够恢复肝脏TG、TC、FFA水平及肝脏脂质代谢相关基因(Acc1、Fasn、Srebf1、Cpt1α)的表达,同时维持肝脏的氧化还原状态。因此,推测杨梅酮可能通过维持肝脏氧化还原状态,促进能量消耗,调节肝脏脂质代谢,预防脂肪肝的发生。     

不同聚合度低聚木糖体外清除自由基活性研究

通过研究不同聚合度的粗低聚木糖(LL、ML、HL)及其中所含的木糖对羟自由基(·OH)清除活性的影响,对纯低聚木糖的平均聚合度与活性间的关系进行了评价。实验结果表明.粗低聚木糖对羟自由基(·OH)具有较好的清除活性。其中。高聚合度的粗低聚木糖(HL)对羟自由基(·OH)的清除活性最显著,IC_(50)约为14 mg/mL.而木糖对羟自由基(·OH)无清除活性,说明纯低聚木糖的平均聚合度越高,清除羟自由基(·OH)作用越显著。对木糖及不同聚合度粗低聚木糖+DPPH自由基进行紫外扫描.探讨纯低聚木糖对DPPH自由基的清除作用,结果表明,木糖及纯低聚木糖对DPPH自由基均没有清除能力。     

两相闭式热虹吸管的强化传热

在两相闭式热虹吸管的沸腾段与冷凝段中分别插入内管形成新型结构.直观考察和传热实验表明,新结构的两相闭式热虹吸管操作稳定、传热系数高.本文考察了新型结构两相闭式热虹吸管的流体流动型态,并在Soliman冷凝传热模型的基础上,提出了环隙内蒸汽与冷凝液并流的冷凝传热模型,该模型的计算值与实验值比较,平均偏差为19.4%.     

基于CORA数据的南海温差能资源时空特征研究

基于2000—2013年中国近海及邻近海域海洋逐日再分析产品(China Ocean Reanalysis,CORA)数据资料,通过计算南海表层(5 m)与深层(1000 m)的温差、卡诺效率、有效水头、暖水体积量、温差能可开发量等参数,对中国南海温差能在季节、年代际的地理分布及其变化特征进行详细分析。结果表明：1)南海大于1000 m水深海域的温差均满足发电净效率的要求,可全年有效开采,温差分布具有明显季节变换特征,夏季最高,秋、春次之,冬季最低,常年高值主要集中在南沙群岛至吕宋岛西部一带。2)中沙群岛以南是卡诺效率高值且月波动较小海区,效率最高月份为5—8月份。3)南海温差能年平均有效水头介于774～945 m,高值主要分布在南海中东部、南部海域,呈西南—东北走向,有效水头在850 m以上;南海中南部、吕宋岛西部海域年际变化呈2.0～3.0 m/a上升趋势。4)南海暖水体积量月变化呈“V”型,冬季8.50×10¹³m³以上,处在较高水平;年际变化0.165×10¹³m³/a,呈增长趋势,年平均7...     

高普朗特数液体的流动沸腾传热

在不同几何结构的热虹吸沸腾装置中对高Pr准数液体的流动沸腾传热进行实验研究.实验介质为乙醇、丙酮、异丁醇.Pr准数从3.81变化到26.3.将实验结果与文献数据进行比较.从机理上分析Pr 准数对两相流传热的影响,并探讨两相流因子F_(tp)的几个关联式的适用范围.     

Effects of amino‐functionalized carbon nanotubes on the properties of amine‐terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile rubber‐toughened epoxy resins

Amino‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT‐NH₂s) as nanofillers were incorporated into diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) toughened with amine‐terminated butadiene–acrylonitrile (ATBN). The curing kinetics, glass‐transition temperature (T_g), thermal stability, mechanical properties, and morphology of DGEBA/ATBN/MWCNT‐NH₂ nanocomposites were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis, a universal test machine, and scanning electron microscopy. DSC dynamic kinetic studies showed that the addition of MWCNT‐NH₂s accelerated the curing reaction of the ATBN‐toughened epoxy resin. DSC results revealed that the T_g of the rubber‐toughened epoxy nanocomposites decreased nearly 10°C with 2 wt % MWCNT‐NH₂s. The thermogravimetric results show that the addition of MWCNT‐NH₂s enhanced the thermal stability of the ATBN‐toughened epoxy resin. The tensile strength, flexural strength, and flexural modulus of the DGEBA/ATBN/MWCNT‐NH₂ nanocomposites increased increasing MWCNT‐NH₂ contents, whereas the addition of the MWCNT‐NH₂s slightly decreased the elongation at break of the rubber‐toughened epoxy. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131, 40472.     

Fenton/SBR深度处理头孢类制药废水二级生化出水

采用Fenton/SBR组合工艺深度处理头孢类制药废水二级生化出水。试验结果表明:在反应pH=4、FeSO4.7H2O投加浓度为0.6 mmol/L、H2O2(30%)投加浓度为20 mmol/L,反应时间为80 min情况下,COD由250 mg/L降到90 mg/L,B/C由0增加到0.51,可生化性得到较大提高。再在SBR内进行4 h的生化处理,出水COD降到40.3mg/L,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级A标准。     

水化硅酸钙超细粉体制备及表面改性

用生石灰和石英砂作为原材料,在水热反应条件下,制备了水化硅酸钙超细粉体.采用偶联剂干法改性处理方法,对水化硅酸钙粉体进行表面改性试验.对处理后的改性粉体进行沉降值和吸油值的测定,以评估改性剂种类、改性剂掺量对水化硅酸钙粉体表面改性的影响.实验发现:铝酸酯类偶联剂H-4,501和502改性水化硅酸钙粉体,其吸油值分别为20,35(mL/100g)和36(mL/100g)(以100g改性粉体吸收邻苯二甲酸二辛酯的体帜),沉降值分别为0.2,0.4mL和03mL;钛酸酯类偶联剂改性粉体其吸油值上升到40(mL/100g).沉降值为0.5mL:硅烷偶联剂改性粉体的吸油值为87(mL/100g),沉降值为0.65 mL.通过激光粒度分布仪检测,未改性水化硅酸钙粉体其平均粒度为0.972μm,经1%铝酸酯类偶联剂H-4改性处理后其平均粒径降低到0.56μm,粉体的分散性大为提高.结果表明:以铝酸酯类偶联剂对水化硅酸钙粉体的改性效果较好,钛酸酯类偶联剂次之,硅烷类偶联剂改性效果较差.