Specification methods for material-handling control algorithms in flexible manufacturing systems

Good methods are needed to specify, test, and debug material-handling control logic. This article surveys a number of representative methods for defining and describing control algorithms for programmable material-handling equipment used in flexible manufacturing systems. The methods are evaluated with regard to their suitability for communication between people and as bases for interfaces to automatic program generators. It is concluded that no single method is entirely satisfactory. Three methods (position diagrams, function block diagrams, and operation networks) have potential to be combined into an effective hybrid approach that minimizes the need for the user to switch between various conceptual models.     

The relativistic charged particles identification method based on the goodness-of-fit ωn-criterion

The statistical method of identification of relativistic charged particles by measurements of ionization losses or time-of-flights simultaneously in some detectors of an experimental plant on the basis of the new goodness-of-fit ω_n³-criterion is considered. The method proposed has been used for the secondary particles identification from the high energy -particles fragmentation on target nuclei. The efficiency of the method is excellently illustrated by reliable separation of events (rare events as well), connected with the appearence of 1- and 2-charged particles. The comparison of the ω_n³-method with the traditional methods and with the method based on the ω_n²-criterion shows that the new method outperforms the ω_n²-method and most of the traditional ones in efficiency, but compares unfavourably with the likelihood method in power, however, the former has a number of advantages as compared with the latter.     

超低密度硬胶极压型油包水乳化钻井液在广安002-H9井的应用

在超低密度钻井液的使用方面，传统的油基钻井液和油包水钻井液存在易着火、安全性差的问题，而最近使用的美国3M公司的中空玻璃微珠聚磺钻井液又存在固控困难、钻井液费用很高等难题。为此，从选择合适的润湿反转剂和阻燃剂入手，在室内对获得的超低密度硬胶极压型油包水乳化钻井液成果配方进行了全面评价，并应用在广安002 H9井水平段欠平衡钻井中取得了良好效果。室内研究与现场应用表明，超低密度硬胶极压型油包水乳化钻井液能够很好地满足广安构造水平井段欠平衡钻井的需要。该钻井液体系具有防塌、润滑、携砂能力强，密度容易控制，钻井液单位成本合理并可重复使用，安全性好等显著特点，适合在类似广安构造的水平井段中推广应用。     

微波-表面活性剂协同提取万寿菊叶黄素工艺研究

以提高万寿菊叶黄素的提取率为目的,采用单因数实验结合正交实验的方法.研究了微波-表面活性剂协同提取万寿菊花中叶黄素的丁艺.结果表明:万寿菊叶黄素的微波-表面活性剂协同提取最优工艺为:以乙酸乙酯为提取剂,表面活性剂Tween-20为最佳助萃取剂(质量分数为0.03%),提取固液比1∶60(g/mL),微波功率400 W,微波提取温度为60℃,提取时间2 min.在此工艺下,万寿菊叶黄素的提取量为3.209 mg/g.     

Implementing total quality management at the U.S. Department of Defense

This paper examines Total Quality Management (TQM) as defined by Dr. W. Edwards Deming including Deming's fourteen points and explains how the United States' Department of Defense (DOD) defines TQM and why TQM is necessary. It also covers how the DOD is planning on implementing TQM and the policy that has been established as guidance in the implementation process.     

A micromechanical model for cleavage-crack reinitiation

A crack-tip screening analysis of cleavage fracture of steel is developed. The analysis incorporates evidence that reinitiation of an arrested cleavage crack requires less stress intensity than cleavage initiation from a fatigue precrack. Fractographic evidence as well as metallographic sectioning of arrested cracks have previously shown that the mechanism of rapid crack propagation by cleavage is affected strongly by partial crack-plane deflection which leaves unbroken ligaments in its wake. The tearing of these ligaments by dimple rupture is the dominant energy-absorbing mechanism. Earlier etch-pit experiments using an Fe-Si alloy showed that the crack-tip stress intensity based on plastic zone size is extremely low. These observations are incorporated into a model in which cleavage crack reinitiation is analyzed using a sharp crack that is shielded by a distribution of pinching forces along its faces. During reloading of the arrested crack, the ligaments restrict crack-tip blunting, leading to higher local stresses. As a result, lower stress intensities are needed for reinitiation than for initiation from a fatigue precrack.     

Model reactions on roast aroma formation

Summary From model roastings of mixtures containing serine, threonine and sucrose about 350 volatile compounds were separated and identified by GC/MS. Among them there were more than 100 monocyclic furans, 13 furanones and 8 bicyclic furans, the mass spectra and retention indices of which are recorded. The most important mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways are described. Spectra obtained from roasting coffee under identical conditions are compared with the spectra from model roastings.

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Modell-Reaktionen zur Röstaroma-BildungII. Die massenspektrometrische Identifizierung von Furanen und Furanonen aus der Reaktion von Serin und Threonin mit Saccharose unter den Bedingungen der Kaffeeröstung

Zusammenfassung Aus Modellröstungen von Gemischen aus Serin, Threonin und Saccharose unter den Bedingungen der Kaffeeröstung wurden etwa 350 flüchtige Verbindungen mittels GC/MS getrennt und identifiziert. Unter ihnen befanden sich über 100 monocyclische Furane und 13 Furanone sowie 8 bicyclische Furane, deren Massenspektren und Retentions-indices angegeben werden. Die wichtigsten massenspektrometrischen Fragmentierungswege werden beschrieben. -Die aus einer gleich behandelten Röstung von Rohkaffee erhaltenen Spektren werden mit denen der Modellröstungen verglichen.

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Dissertation Gloria Bochmann, TU Berlin 1984     

Colour Centres and Energy Transfer in BaF2-xClx:Eu2+ Phosphors

The optical absorption spectra of BaF2-xClx:Eu2 after ultraviolet (UV) light excitation were investigated.The differences between the absorption spectra after and before excitation (DAS) were observed.The DAS increase at both the high and the low energy side of F band in BaF2-xClx:Eu2 after 245 nm UV light excitation.The bleach effect of UV light and the absorption of electrons in the valence band may account for the former and the formation of Fa centres (association of F(Cl-) centres), whose absorption band matches the HeNe laser better, may explain the latter.In the write-in process, the transfer of electrons is via tunneling.In the readout process, the transfer of electrons captured in F(F-) and Fa centres is more likely via tunneling, and that of F(Cl-) centres is more likely via conduction band.     

Optimal algorithms for adjacent side routing

We consider the switchbox routing problem of two-terminal nets in the case when all thek nets lie on two adjacent sides of the rectangle. Our routing model is the standard two-layer model. We develop an optimal algorithm that routes all the nets whenever a routing exists. The routing obtained uses the fewest possible number of vias. A more general version of this problem (adjacent staircase) is also optimally solved.This research was supported in part by NSA Contract No. MDA-904-85H-0015, NSF Grant No. DCR-86-00378, and by NSF Engineering Research Centers Program NSFD CDR 88003012.     

一个用户接口管理系统

本文介绍了一个用户接口管理系统NUUIMS的设计和实现.重点叙述了该系统基于规范化目标用户接口模型的设计思想,系统组成及描述方法.文章也讨论了使用NUUIMS设计而成的用户接口的特点.