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101.
In this paper, we study the expressive power of the extension of first-order logic by the unary second-order majority quantifier Most1. In 1 it was shown that the extension of FO by second-order majority quantifiers of all arities describes exactly the problems in the counting hierarchy. We consider first certain sublogics of FO(Most1) over unary vocabularies. We show that over unary vocabularies the logic MSO(R), where MSO is monadic second-order logic and R is the first-order Rescher quantifier, can be characterized by Presburger arithmetic, whereas the logic MSO(Rn)n∈Z+, where Rn is the nth vectorization of R, corresponds to the Δ0-fragment of arithmetic. Then we show that FO(Most1)?MSO(Rn)n∈Z+ and that, on unary vocabularies, FO(Most1) collapses to uniform-TC0. Using this collapse, we show that first-order logic with the binary second-order majority quantifier is strictly more expressive than FO(Most1) over the empty vocabulary. On the other hand, over strings, FO(Most1) is shown to capture the linear fragment of the counting hierarchy. Finally we show that, over non-unary vocabularies, FO(Most1) can express problems complete via first-order reductions for each level of the counting hierarchy. 相似文献
102.
In this paper, the optimal process parameters of a wave soldering process were defined. The optimization was performed in respect to soldering quality by minimizing a cost function describing the total repairing cost of a wave-soldered printed circuit board (PCB). The data analysis stages were as follows. First, the process data were coded into inputs for a self-organizing map (SOM). Next, a function for the repairing cost was constructed and used to find the optimal map neurons. At the last phase, the optimal parameters were approximated on the basis of the reference vectors of the optimal neurons. The results showed clearly potential in the optimization of the wave soldering process, especially in the visualization of the optimal process conditions. Therefore, it would be useful to exploit the method more widely in the electronics industry. 相似文献
103.
Eira Laurila Liisa Lhteenmki Hannu Rita Hely Tuorila 《Food quality and preference》1996,7(3-4):225-228
Difference threshold values for sodium chloride were determined to investigate to what extent just noticeable differences (jnd) affect preferences. Samples were unflavored, garlic-flavored and pepper-flavored mashed potato. At the reference concentration of 0.60% NaCl, the jnd value for unflavored and garlic-flavored samples was 0.07% NaCl, and for the pepper-flavored sample, 0.08% NaCl. The pleasantness of seven samples between ±9 jnds from the reference (0.60% NaCl), was rated on a graphic scale ranging from less pleasant to more pleasant (reference at the midpoint). Forty-one subjects participated in the test. For unflavored and garlic-flavored mashed potato, concentrations below 0.36% NaCl and above 0.82% NaCl, and for pepper-flavored, below 0.31% NaCl and above 0.83% NaCl, were required to obtain statistically significant differences in hedonic responses compared to the reference concentration. 相似文献
104.
105.
Hannu Viitanen 《Materials and Structures》1994,27(8):483-493
Water leakages are the general cause of moisture stress exceeding the moisture tolerances of constructions. Moisture stress
causes biodeterioration (mould, rot and insect damage) in wooden constructions. The degree of damage is affected by the severity
and duration of moisture exposure and temperature, together with the sensitivity of the wooden construction to environmental
stress. The growth of mould fungi on wooden materials depends mainly on the air humidity, temperature and the surface quality
of wood. Long term humidity conditions above a relative humidity (RH) of 80% are a risk for mould growth in pine and spruce
sapwood when the temperature is between +5°C and +50°C. Between −5°C and +5°C the growth of mould fungi is slow, and possible
only when the relative humidity is above 90%. High nutrient content of the surface can stimulate the mould growth. In fluctuating
humidity conditions, the severity and cumulative time of conditions suitable for mould growth are critical factors for the
development of mould fungi in constructions. Humidity conditions must be above RH 95% (around the fibre saturation point of
wood, wood moisture content about 25–30%) for the spore germination and mycelium activation of brown rot fungi. Under unsuitable
conditions, fungi are inactive, but they can become active quickly under suitable conditions. The degree of decay in wood
depends on the total time the decay organism is active. The natural durability of wood varies with the environmental conditions,
wood characteristics (wood species, sapwood or heartwood, etc.) and the decay organisms. The service time of wooden materials
can be extended by modification of the wood.
Resume Les eaux d'infiltration sont, en général, responsables de la contrainte due à l'humidité dépassant le seuil de tolérance des constructions en bois. Le degré de détérioration est affecté par la sévérité et la durée de l'exposition à l'humidité et la température, ainsi que par la sensibilité de la construction en bois à la contrainte ambiante. Le développment de moisissures sur des matériaux en bois dépend surtout de l'humidité de l'air, de la température et de la qualité de la surface. Dans des conditions d'humidité à long terme supérieure à une humidité relative de 80%, des moisissures risquent de se développer dans le pin et l'aubier de sapin quand la température se situe entre +5°C et +50°C. Entre −5°C et +5°C, la croissance de champignons est lente et possible seulement si l'humidité relative dépasse 90%. Une teneur importante d'éléments nutritifs à la surface peut stimuler le développement de moisissures. Dans des conditions d'humidité fluctuantes, la réunion et l'accumulation dans le temps de conditions favorables à la croissance de champignons constitute un facteur critique de développement de moisissures. Les conditions d'humidité doivent dépasser une humidité relative de 95% (autour du point de saturation de la fibre, une teneur en humidité d'environ 25 à 30%) pour la germination du spore et l'activation du mycélium de champignons brun rouge. Dans des conditions défavorables, les champignons sont inactifs mais ils peuvent devenir rapidement actifs dans des conditions favorables. Le degré de détérioration du bois dépend de la vie active totale de l'organisme de décomposition. La durabilité naturelle du bois varie avec les conditions ambiantes, les caractéristiques du bois (espèce, aubier ou coeur) et les organismes de décomposition. La durée de vie du bois peut être allongée en le traitant.相似文献
106.
In addition to the food control officers’ former tasks, new EU and Finnish legislations have established new obligations for them, such as building up a quality system, amending a control plan and expanding the collection of fees to cover all the control targets. In order to study the implementation of these new tasks, an electronic survey was sent to the local food control officials in Finland. Our study shows that there will be significant differences in implementing the new food control requirements in Finland by our local units when we take into consideration the time of implementation, the approach and content of control plans, and the quality systems or fees. Especially the risk-based estimation of the control objects seems to have created a challenge in both the quality systems and in the control plans; in only 16% of the municipalities, the risk estimations had been calculated for each control object and in most cases, this estimation was made and the control frequency was decided on solely by their own inspector of the object alone. Furthermore, the amount of the planned fees per hour varied from 21 Euros to 45 Euros. Several respondents also expressed that they had no knowledge of the grounds for the charges of future inspections or the amount of fees. What is apparent is that the new approach will be implemented relatively slowly in Finland and there is a risk of the different treatment of business operators depending on their geographical location. 相似文献
107.
A total of 257 raw fish samples at two different sites were examined for the presence of Listeria monocytogenes. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes was 4%. From 11 positive samples, nine different L. monocytogenes pulsed-field gel electrophoresis genotypes were recovered. From nine pulsotypes recovered from raw fish and 32 pulsotypes shown by 101 fish product isolates, two raw fish and fish product pulsotypes were indistinguishable from each other. Although the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw fish is low, the range of L. monocytogenes strains entering the processing plant in large amounts of raw material is wide. This indicates that the raw material is an important initial contamination source of L. monocytogenes in fish processing plants. This postulation is supported by the identical pulsotypes recovered from both raw and processed fish. Some L. monocytogenes strains entering a plant may thus contaminate and persist in the processing environment, causing recurrent contamination of the final products via processing machines. 相似文献
108.
109.
Hannu Pohjanpalo 《Software》1981,11(8):845-852
The operating system described has been designed and implemented for use in dedicated one-purpose applications, typically in real tihe. Specific attention has been paid to flexible intertask contkol. In the first installation the application system was the steering and controlling of large hydraulic devices. Typical subtasks involved were measuring, coordinate transformations, control, teaching and following robotic paths and evaluating daily material transfkrs. As a programming effort, developing the operating system was fairly reasonable being of the order of three or four months for one person, including design, coding, testing and documentation. 相似文献
110.