Synthese von Heterocyclen mit Hydroxymethylenketonen. XIV [1]. Zur Regioselektivität der Reaktion von Acetylacetaldehyd mit Tryptamin

Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds with Hydroxymethylene Ketones. XIV. Contribution to the Regioselectivity of the Reaction of Acetoacetaldehyde with Tryptamine The range of substitution products of tryptamine with acetoacetaldehyde as substituent at the basic or the indole nitrogen ( 2, 3 ) is completed by a product containing the substituent in the indole α-position ( 5 ). It is formed by ring opening of the tetrahydro-β-carboline 4 . The reaction conditions are commented and the ¹H-NMR spectra comparatively discussed. The synthesis of the azocino-indole 7 is described.     

Photoinitiierte Polymerisation mit Dialkoxythiocarbonyldisulfiden – eine Polymerisationsreaktion mit Primärradikalabbruch

Photoinitiated Polymerization with Dialkoxy Thiocarbonyl Disulfides – a Polymerization Reaction with Primary Radical Termination The photoinduced free radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and some other vinyl monomers using dialkoxy thiocarbonyl disulfides ( 1 – 4 ) as photoinitiators was studied. The photolysis of these initiators leads to cleavage of the S S bond, which was determined by spin trapping experiments with phenyl tert-butyl nitrone. No evidence was found for a further thermal decomposition of the primary alkoxy thiocarbonyl sulfide radicals (R·) at room temperature. In the absence of scavengers the primary radicals react back exclusively to the initial compounds, due to a strong cage effect. By means of UV spectroscopic measurements and in the presence of MMA the quantum yields of the initiator decomposition were detected to be 0.8. The polymerization of acrylic and methacrylic derivatives can be initiated by the R·, contrary to the situation with fumarates and maleates. The mechanism of MMA polymerization depends on the light intensity absorbed by the initiators. At high intensities the combination of primary and polymer radicals terminates the chain reaction. This follows from the measured monomer exponent of α = 2, the light intensity exponent of β = 0,2 and the number of thiocarbonyl end groups of 2 in the polymers isolated. Contrary to this, in the low intensity region the experimental data obey the ideal kinetic equation. Kinetic modelling gives evidence for an interaction of the monomer with the cage radicals.     

Inhibitory effects of essential oil components on growth of food-contaminating fungi

The antifungal activity of several components of essential oils were evaluated using a paper-disk method. The substances investigated are structurally related to eugenol. Equimolar amounts were tested on more than ten fungal strains known to contaminate food. Iso-eugenol, cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, eugenol and thymol revealed the strongest antifungal activity. The most resistant strain appeared to be Penicillium verrucosum var. cyclopium, and the most sensitive was P. viridicatum. Some of the structural effects were considered, including a free hydroxyl group in connection with an alkyl substituent which seemed to represent an especially active configuration of phenolic compounds and which rendered antimicrobial activity.     

Reoptimization of the Shortest Common Superstring Problem

A reoptimization problem describes the following scenario: given an instance of an optimization problem together with an optimal solution for it, we want to find a good solution for a locally modified instance.     

A Mixed-Mode BIST Scheme Based on Folding Compression

In this paper a new scheme of mixed mode scan-based BIST is presented with complete fault coverage,and some new concepts of folding set and computing are introduced.This scheme applies single feedback polynomial of LFSR for generation pseudo-random patterns as well as for compressing and extending seeds of folding sets and an LFSR, where we encode seed of folding set as an initial seed of LFSR .Moreover these new techniques are 100% compatible with scan design .Experimental results show that the proposed scheme outperforms previously published approaches based on the reseeding of LFRSRs.     

Approximation eines Blockes durch einen äquivalenten Zylinder bei der Temperaturfeldberechnung

Überführung des zweidimensionalen Wärmeleitproblems eines Blockes mit quadratischem Querschnitt in ein eindimensionales Wärmeleitproblem für einen Zylinder mit äquivalentem Querschnitt. Temperaturfeldberechnung mit zweidimensionalem Blockmodell mittels digitaler Simulation als Voraussetzung der Bestimmung der Parameter des äquivalenten Zylindermodells.     

Lymph drainage in the human dental pulp

We investigated which structural components are responsible for maintaining interstitial fluid equilibrium in the pulpal tissue, for which the existence of an effective lymph drainage is postulated. There have been only a small number of investigations on pulpal lymph tissue. Therefore, we decided to perform a detailed structural analysis. Twenty vital, healthy teeth that had to be extracted for orthodontic reasons were immersed in Patent Blue for 10 to 15 minutes after opening the pulpal cavity. They were then extracted and the dental pulps were opened by cleavage of the surrounding hard tooth structure. Subsequently, the specimens were prepared for light and electron microscopic investigation. A clear blue ring of stain was detected by light microscopy in Weil's zone in the coronal region of the pulp, the cell-rarefied layer surrounded by the odontoblasts. No dye deposition was observed in the apical part. However, using transmission electron microscopy, capillary structures with typical morphological characteristics of lymphatic vessels were found apically. The coronal part of the pulp did not reveal any such vascular structures. It may be concluded from these findings that the lymph in the coronal region is collected in interstitial tissue clefts and drained towards the apex, whence it is further transported via lymph capillaries.