THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ENAMEL ON A EUTECTIC BASIS1

The object of the investigation was to develop eutectic solvent for an enamel by the combination of several eutectics, then to add silica to increase the refractoriness of the enamel up to the limit of its capability to dissolve silica without endangering its bond to the metal body. This naturally involved a study of the entectic compositions of the RO–B₂O₃–SiO₂ systems. Since the Na₂O–B₂O₃-SiO₂, K₂O–B₂O₃–SiO₂, and PbO–B₂O₃-SiO₂ detormation eutectics are known a knowledge of the CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ system was necessary. A study of the high B₂O₃ area of this system was made at approximately 4% intervals. A member high in CaO and SiO₂, and which on repeated fusions showed practically 100% glass, was selected as a practical member to blend with the Na₂O-B₂O₃–SiO₃ and the PbO-B₂O₃–SiO₂ eutedic to form a eutectic solvent for an enamel. Combinations of these eutectics and the CaO-B₂O₃-SiO₂ mixture were made and applied to cast iron by the dry process. Additions of SiO₂ were also made to these enamels up to 1.5 molecular equivalents. The physical properties of these enamels such as brilliancy, smoothness of surface, texture, bonding power, solubility in water, and resistance to acid attack were also determined.     

Two Pheromones of Coniferophagous Bark Beetles Found in the Bark of Nonhost Angiosperms

Volatiles from fresh bark of black cottonwood, Populus trichocarpa; trembling aspen, P. tremuloides; paper birch, Betula papyrifera; bigleaf maple, Acer macrophyllum; red alder, Alnus rubra; and Sitka alder, Alnus viridis, were collected on Porapak Q and subjected to coupled gas chromatographic–electroantennographic detection analyses by utilizing the antennae of several scolytid beetles (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae, D. rufipennis, D. ponderosae, Ips pini, and Dryocoetes confusus). Among the antennally active volatiles identified by coupled gas chromatographic-mass spectroscopic analysis were frontalin, 1,5-dimethyl-6,8-dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]-octane, in the two Alnus species and conophthorin, (E)-7-methyl-1,6-diox-aspiro[4.5]decane, in the other four species. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that conophthorin had a significant disruptant effect on the response to a pheromone-host kairomone blend by both Dendroctonus pseudotsugae and D. ponderosae. Our results, and the recent identification of other scolytid pheromones in various tree species, pose major questions regarding the evolution and ecological roles of these semiochemicals, including the possibility of Batesian mimicry by the beetles. They also suggest a need for comparative studies on the biosynthetic pathways for these compounds.     

Relinquishing the placebo: Alternatives for psychotherapy outcome research.

Comments on the article by W. Wilkins (see record 1986-25162-001) on placebo problems in psychotherapy research and suggests a refinement of efficacy research strategies that will allow such comparisons while relinquishing the use of a placebo construct. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effect of γ-irradiation on phenolic compounds in rice grain

Whole grain rice is rich in phenolic compounds. The effect of γ-irradiation on the main phenolic compounds in the rice grains of three genotypes (black, red, and white) was investigated. Three phenolic acids (p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and sinapinic acid) were identified as major phenolic compounds in all rice samples, while two anthocyanins (cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin-3-glucoside) were identified in pigmented grain samples. In general, γ-irradiation at most of doses could significantly (p < 0.05) decrease total phenolic acid contents in all samples and total anthocyanins contents in the black rice, but their decreases were not completely in a dose-dependent manner. Unexpectedly, 6 and 8 kGy significantly (p < 0.05) increased total contents of anthocyanins and phenolic acids in black rice. This study suggested that suitable doses of irradiation might be carefully selected and used to minimise the loss of antioxidant phenolic compounds in whole grain rice during storage.     

Response to Milden's commentary.

Responds to Milden's comments (see record 2007-10564-001). In her response to my review (see record 2003-05429-013) of Lerner's The Dance of Anger: A Woman's Guide to Changing the Patterns of Intimate Relationships (see record 2006-00700-000), Dr. Milden assumes that I believe that there is no legitimate place for popular presentation of psychological knowledge and that feminist psychoanalytic writings do not represent a serious or thoughtful body of work. Quite the contrary. Although I did not expect The Dance of Anger to be a heavyweight, theoretical treatise, I did expect from someone of Lerner's stature at least a serious-popular book. What she has given us is "kitsch." This remains paradoxical, for as Milden points out, Lerner has written serious and scholarly works on the subject. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Model Experiment on Thermodynamic Stability of Retained Intergranular Amorphous Films

To test the stability of intergranular amorphous films against crystallization, a model experiment was conducted wherein a thin SiO2 film was deposited on a single-crystal TiO₂ substrate, annealed to form a eutectic liquid in equilibrium with the substrate, then quenched and crystallized below the eutectic temperature. This geometry is free of residual stresses and capillary effects proposed by others as kinetic limitations to complete crystallization. Furthermore, using a binary system removes solute rejection barriers to complete crystallization. A remnant amorphous film ∼1.5 nm thick retained at the hetero-interface shows unequivocally that the amorphous film is thermodynamically preferred to a crystal/crystal interface in this system.     

A Model for yielding in anisotropic metals

Evidence for elastic interactions is reviewed, and it is concluded that elastic assistance to yielding must be taken into account in an equation for the relationship between yield stress σ_y and grain size,d. The equation which is proposed is generalized from observation on bicrystal behavior and is σ_y=σ₀+K₁d^-1/2-K₂[1-(d/D_L)^m][(d/D_s)ⁿ-1] σ₀ corresponds to the stress at which the second and third terms are equal; K₁ is similar to the Hall-Petch constant, but is lower in magnitude; K₂ is a constant which depends on the average difference in the matrix of elastic constants between adjacent grains and on grain shape.D _L andD _s are the upper and lower grain size limits over which elastic interaction takes place, and the third term is zero ford = D _L ord = D _s. The constantsm andn define, respectively, the limit of the grain over which elastic interaction takes place and the fraction of the grain contributing elastic interaction to the surrounding grains. In effect, [1 - (d/D _L)^m][d/D _s)ⁿ -1] constitutes the volume fraction of the grain boundary region over which elastic interaction assists slip. The equation, with different values of the constants, has been shown to fit σ_y — d ^-1/2 data over a wide range of grain sizes for Ni,²² Zn,²³ and modified 1010 steel.²⁴ Volume fraction of grain boundary deformation zone data for β-Ti-Mn⁸ are shown to fit predictions as well. The constants σ₀,K ₁ D_L, D_s, m, andn can all be determined experimentally, thus leading to a determination ofK _2z.     

FIELD DEPENDENCE OF PARTICLE ELECTROPHORETIC MOBILITY IN NONPOLAR LIQUIDS

Contrary to earlier thought, recent studies have shown that particle electrophoretic mobility in nonpolar liquids is dependent on field strength at high fields. This study provides independent confirmation using a cross-flow electrofiltration technique and explores possible explanations for the phenomena. Experimental work was conducted using kaolin/Mi1-H-5606A petroleum oil systems with various concentrations of ionic additive. Electrophoretic mobility at different field strengths and additive concentrations were determined. It was found that mobility is independent of field strength at low and high fields but varies with field strength at intermediate fields. This dependence is explained on the basis of the relaxation effect and partial detachment of the diffuse double layer from the particle. In the field dependent region the mobility change with respect to field Increases with increasing surface charge and electrical double layer thickness. At high fields the double layer completely detaches and mobility behaves independently of field strength. Prior exposure of the particle to high fields appeared to temporarily increase mobility. This may be the result of selective deposition of low mobility particles and Increased particle charge due to field charge exchange or contact charging. Under the conditions of this study double layer detachment appeared to be the major source of field dependent behavior.     

Assessing visual memory disorders.

The Biber Figure Learning Test (BFLT) was administered to 19 patients with right- and 20 with left-hemisphere cerebrovascular accidents, 11 severe amnesics and 42 controls. Results indicate that the BFLT reliably assesses impairments in long-term visual memory independent of primary visuoperceptual, visuoconstructional, and language deficits. Healthy controls showed no effects of education and minimal age effects on the BFLT. Normal learning curves were found for cortical lesions patients, but their overall scores were below those of normals. Amnesics with subcortical-limbic pathology showed grossly impaired acquisition, retention, and recognition memory, but normal short-term visual memory and primary visuoperceptual/visuoconstructional abilities. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)