B-Vitamine (Thiamin,Vitamin B6 and Pantothensäure) im Muskelgewebe wachsender Rinder der Rasse Deutsches Fleckvieh in Abhängigkeit von Mastendmasse und Fütterungsintensität

In a comparative slaughter experiment the thiamin, vitamin B₆ and pantothenic acid content of lean tissue of foreloin of growing cattle was determined by whole body analyses. 54 bulls, 45 heifers and 45 steers were fed until a live mass of 200 kg, 350 kg, 425 kg (only heifers) 500 kg and 575 kg, 650 kg, respectively (only bulls and steers). One half of each carcass was divided into 13 cuts and afterwards the cuts were each divided into lean, adipose and bone tissue and tendons. The lean tissue of the foreloin was subjected to analysis of thiamin, vitamin B₆ and pantothenic acid. The mean thiamin content of 0.75 mg kg_-1 fresh matter (200 kg live mass) decreased with rising live mass and under intensive feeding conditions in bulls and steers to 0.53 mg and in heifers to 0.61 mg. Restrictively feeding caused a mean thiamin content of 0.60 mg per kg fresh matter in bulls, steers and heifers. Under both feeding conditions in the lean tissue of the foreloin on average a vitamin B₆ content of 2.6 mg (bulls), 3.1 mg (heifers) and 3.0 mg kg^?1 fresh matter (steers) was analysed. A mean content of pantothenic acid of 2.6 mg kg^?1 fresh matter was determined in bulls independent of live mass and feeding intensity. In heifers the content of pantothenic acid on average was 3.0 mg under intensive feeding system and 2.6 mg under low feeding conditions, whereas steers reached contents of 2.7 mg (high feeding) and 2.2 mg kg^?1 fresh matter (low feeding).     

Ultrafast imaging of terahertz electric waveforms using quantum dots

Microscopic electric fields govern the majority of elementary excitations in condensed matter and drive electronics at frequencies approaching the Terahertz(THz)regime.However,only few imaging schemes are able to resolve sub-wavelength fields in the THz range,such as scanning-probe techniques,electro-optic sampling,and ultrafast electron microscopy.Still,intrinsic constraints on sample geometry,acquisition speed and field strength limit their applicability.Here,we harness the quantum-confined Stark-effect to encode ultrafast electric near-fields into colloidal quantum dot luminescence.Our approach,termed Quantum-probe Field Microscopy(QFIM),combines far-field imaging of visible photons with phase-resolved sampling of electric waveforms.By capturing ultrafast movies,we spatio-temporally resolve a Terahertz resonance inside a bowtie antenna and unveil the propagation of a Terahertz waveguide excitation deeply in the sub-wavelength regime.The demonstrated QFIM approach is compatible with strong-field excitation and sub-micrometer resolution—introducing a direct route towards ultrafast field imaging of complex nanodevices inoperando.     

In Case of Interval (or More General) Uncertainty,No Algorithm Can Choose the Simplest Representative

When we only know the interval of possible values of a certain quantity (or a more general set of possible values), it is desirable to characterize this interval by supplying the user with the simplest element from this interval, and by characterizing how different from this value we can get. For example, if, for some unknown physical quantity x, measurements result in the interval [1.95, 2.1] of possible values, then, most probably, the physicist will publish this result as y 2. Similarly, a natural representation of the measurement result x [3.141592, 3.141593] is x .In this paper, we show that the problem of choosing the simplest element from a given interval (or from a given set) is, in general, not algorithmically solvable.     

PROGRESS REPORT ON INVESTIGATION OF SAGGER CLAYS. V. Preparation of Experimental Sagger Bodies According to Fundamental Properties1

This is a Fifth Progress Report giving the results obtained in a preliminary study of sagger bodies, which is a continuation of an extensive investigation of sagger clays for the purpose of determining the properties of clays and bodies best suited for sagger purposes. The report contains data on the modulus of elasticity, transverse breaking strength, plastic flow, thermal expansion, and resistance to failure due to heat shock of 55 sagger mixes representing 39 different bodies fired at either 1230°C or 1270°C. The 16 bodies prepared in duplicate were tested both after firing at 1230°C and 1270°C. All of these bodies were compounded with two clays whose properties are given in earlier progress reports, and a mixture of graded grog. The grog was graded into sizes so as to result in two types of bodies, those having (1) a coarse and open-grained structure and (2) a dense and fine-grained structure. The data on the fired bodies show that those containing the fine sizes of grog have the higher modulus of elasticity, transverse strength, and in the majority of cases, thermal expansion. Very little difference in total porosity of the two types of bodies is indicated although the rate of absorption shows large differences. The data obtained in this preliminary study indicate that those bodies having (1) a porosity of less than 25% (2) a low modulus of elasticity, (3) as high transverse strength as is compatible with the low modulus of elasticity, and (4) low thermal expansion below 250°C are the most desirable for sagger purposes.     

The Impact of Adrenomedullin Thr22 on Selectivity within the Calcitonin Receptor‐like Receptor/Receptor Activity‐Modifying Protein System

Adrenomedullin (ADM) is a peptide hormone of the calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) family. It is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular processes such as angiogenesis, vasodilation, and the reduction of oxidative stress. ADM mediates its effects by activation of the ADM‐1 and ‐2 receptors (AM₁R/AM₂R), but also activates the CGRP receptor (CGRPR) with reduced potency. It binds to the extracellular domains of the receptors with its C‐terminal binding motif (residues 41–52). The activation motif, consisting of a disulfide‐bonded ring structure (residues 16–21) and an adjacent helix (residues 22–30), binds to the transmembrane region and stabilizes the receptor conformation in the active state. While it was shown that the binding motif of ADM guides AM₁R selectivity, there is little information on the activation motif itself. Here, we demonstrate that Thr22 of ADM contributes to the selectivity. By using solid‐phase peptide synthesis and cAMP‐based signal transduction, we studied the effects of analogues in the activation motif of ADM on AM₁R and CGRPR activity. Our results indicate that Thr22 terminates the α‐helix and orients the ring segment by hydrogen bonding. Using olefin stapling, we showed that the α‐helical arrangement of the ring segment leads to decreased AM₁R activity, but does not affect CGRPR activation. These results demonstrate that the conformation of the ring segment of ADM has a strong impact on the selectivity within the receptor system.     

How to Compute Interval Inclusions of Geodetic Coordinates from Interval Inclusions of Cartesian Coordinates

In satellite geodesy the position of a point P is usually determined by computing its coordinate vector x with respect to an earth-fixed Cartesian coordinate system S. S is chosen such that a rotational ellipsoid E, closely approximating the surface of the earth, has normal form with respect to S. Since the geodetic coordinates of P with respect to E (ellipsoidal latitude , ellipsoidal longitude , and ellipsoidal height h) describe the location of P with respect to the surface of the earth much better than x, a frequently appearing problem is to compute , , and h from x.In practice this problem is solved by iterative methods, the convergence properties of which are not analyzed in detail but for which fast (numerical) convergence is observed for points near to E.In the present paper a theoretically well founded new method is developed, working for all P having a unique nearest point in E.In addition it will be shown that the new method can be implemented such that interval inclusions for , , and h can be computed from interval inclusions of the components of x.     

Development of Potent and Metabolically Stable APJ Ligands with High Therapeutic Potential

The apelin ligand receptor system is an important target to develop treatment strategies for cardiovascular diseases. Although apelin exhibits strong inotropic effects, its pharmaceutical application is limited because no agonist with suitable properties is available. On the one hand, peptide ligands are too instable, and on the other hand, small‐molecule agonists show only low potency. This study describes the development of apelin (APJ) receptor agonists with not only high activity but also metabolic stability. Several strategies including capping of termini, insertion of unnatural amino acids, cyclization, and lipidation were analyzed. Peptide activity was tested using a Ca²⁺‐mobilization assay and the degradation of selected analogues was analyzed in rat plasma. The best results were obtained by N‐terminal lipidation of a 13‐mer apelin derivative. This analogue displayed a half‐life of 29 h in rat plasma, compared with 0.025 h for the wild‐type peptide. Furthermore, in vivo pharmacokinetics revealed a clearance of 0.049 L h^?1 kg^?1 and a half‐life of 0.36 h. In summary, amino acid substitution and fatty acid modification resulted in a potent and 1000‐fold more stable peptide that exhibits high pharmaceutical potential.     

Gold nanostoves for microsecond DNA melting analysis

In traditional DNA melting assays, the temperature of the DNA-containing solution is slowly ramped up. In contrast, we use 300 ns laser pulses to rapidly heat DNA bound gold nanoparticle aggregates. We show that double-stranded DNA melts on a microsecond time scale that leads to a disintegration of the gold nanoparticle aggregates on a millisecond time scale. A perfectly matching and a point-mutated DNA sequence can be clearly distinguished in less than one millisecond even in a 1:1 mixture of both targets.     

Reconstruction of off-axis electron holograms using a neural net

In off-axis electron holography, the information about the specimen contained in amplitude and phase of the image wave is recorded by superimposing a reference wave to the image wave and recording the resulting interference pattern, called a hologram. The image wave is usually retrieved from this hologram by a filtering process in Fourier space. An alternative approach is to calculate the image wave pixel by pixel from the intensities in the hologram. In this paper, we describe a neural network that performs this step. As neural networks can represent nonlinear relations between the input and output data, this reconstruction process can use the nonlinear part of the information contained in the hologram and is thus less sensitive to noise.