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81.
We report image blurring and energy broadening effects in energy-filtered XPEEM when illuminating the specimen with soft X-rays at high flux densities. With a flux of 2×1013 photons/s, the lateral resolution in XPEEM imaging with either core level or secondary electrons is degraded to more than 50 nm. Fermi level broadening up to several hundred meV and spectral shift to higher kinetic energies are also systematically observed. Simple considerations suggest that these artifacts result from Boersch and Loeffler effects, and that the electron-electron interactions are strongest in the initial part of the microscope optical path. Implications for aberration corrected instruments are discussed. 相似文献
82.
Christian Bauer 《Computer Networks》2013,57(5):1078-1100
The Network Mobility (NEMO) protocol is needed to support the world-wide mobility of aircraft mobile networks across different access networks in the future IPv6 based aeronautical telecommunications network (ATN). NEMO suffers from the constraint that all traffic has to be routed via the home agent though. The already existing correspondent router (CR) protocol solves this triangular routing problem and permits to route packets on a direct path between the mobile network and the ground based correspondent nodes. We identify security deficiencies of this protocol that make it unsuitable for use within the ATN. We therefore propose a new route optimization procedure based on the CR protocol that provides a higher level of security. We evaluate our new protocol in three ways. We first conduct a simulation based handover performance study using an implementation of a realistic aeronautical access technology. We then investigate the mobility signaling overhead. Finally, we specify a threat model applicable for the aeronautical environment and use it to perform a security analysis of both the old and our new protocol. It is shown that our protocol is not only more secure but also provides better handover latency, smaller overhead in the aeronautical scenario and a higher level of resilience when compared to the original CR protocol. 相似文献
83.
Park JS Jung YW Lee JW Shin DS Chung MS Riemer M Handels H 《Computer methods and programs in biomedicine》2008,92(3):257-266
For the Visible Korean Human (VKH), a male cadaver was serially ground off to acquire the serially sectioned images (SSIs) of a whole human body. Thereafter, more than 700 structures in the SSIs were outlined to produce detailed segmented images; the SSIs and segmented images were volume- and surface-reconstructed to create three-dimensional models. For outlining and reconstruction, popular software (Photoshop, MRIcro, Maya, AutoCAD, 3ds max, and Rhino) was mainly used; the technique can be reproduced by other investigators for creating their own images. For refining the segmentation and volume reconstruction, the VOXEL-MAN system was used. The continuously upgraded technique was applied to a female cadaver's pelvis to produce the SSIs with 0.1mm sized intervals and 0.1mm x 0.1mm sized pixels. The VKH data, distributed worldwide, encouraged researchers to develop virtual dissection, virtual endoscopy, and virtual lumbar puncture contributing to medical education and clinical practice. In the future, a virtual image library including all the Visible Human Project data, Chinese Visible Human data, and VKH data will hopefully be established where users will be able to download one of the data sets for medical applications. 相似文献
84.
A pattern search optimization method is applied to the generation of optimal artificial neural networks (ANNs). Optimization is performed using a mixed variable extension to the generalized pattern search method. This method offers the advantage that categorical variables, such as neural transfer functions and nodal connectivities, can be used as parameters in optimization. When used together with a surrogate, the resulting algorithm is highly efficient for expensive objective functions. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of this method in optimizing an ANN for the number of neurons, the type of transfer function, and the connectivity among neurons. The optimization method is applied to a chemistry approximation of practical relevance. In this application, temperature and a chemical source term are approximated as functions of two independent parameters using optimal ANNs. Comparison of the performance of optimal ANNs with conventional tabulation methods demonstrates equivalent accuracy by considerable savings in memory storage. The architecture of the optimal ANN for the approximation of the chemical source term consists of a fully connected feedforward network having four nonlinear hidden layers and 117 synaptic weights. An equivalent representation of the chemical source term using tabulation techniques would require a 500 x 500 grid point discretization of the parameter space. 相似文献
85.
J. Rögner B. Okolo S. Kurzenhäuser M. Müller W. Bauer H.-J. Ritzhaupt-Kleissl E. Kerscher V. Schulze 《Microsystem Technologies》2008,14(12):1831-1837
Due to size effects the mechanical behavior of micro-components with dimensions in the range of some 100 μm and structure
details of about 10 μm differs markedly from those of larger components. This is a crucial aspect for the design of micro-components
for applications where demands for high strength are critical. The present study, which was performed in the frame of the
Collaborative Research Centre 499 (SFB 499), approaches this issue by investigating the relationship between production process,
microstructure and the mechanical properties of micro-specimens made from zirconia using two different feedstocks. The specimens
were produced by a sintering process. The sintering temperature was varied between 1,300 and 1,500°C. Mechanical and tribological
behavior of the specimens was determined by three-point bending tests as well as static and sliding friction tests, respectively.
Properties derived from these tests were then correlated to the surface states in the specimens such as porosity, edge radius
and roughness. The strength of the micro-specimens was found to be significantly influenced by these surface features. Whilst
low porosity alone is not sufficient for high strength, notch effects resulting from pores as well as surface roughness can
lower the strength. With increasing edge radius the strength of the material also increases. The porosity, edge radius and
surface roughness were mathematically correlated with the strength to allow for a forecast. Within the SFB 499 feedstocks
with specific properties were designed and reliable processes were developed to guarantee desirable surface roughness and
porosity in the specimens. A characteristic bending strength of about 2,000 MPa is realizable in the micro-specimens within
a good statistical reliability. The tribological tests revealed that the wear properties of the zirconia micro-components
are strongly dependent on the quality of the feedstock. 相似文献
86.
Stella Clarke Gerhard Schillhuber Michael F. Zaeh Heinz Ulbrich 《Multimedia Systems》2008,13(4):253-261
The remote nature of telepresence scenarios can be seen as a strongpoint and also as a weakness. Although it enables the remote
control of robots in dangerous or inaccessible environments, it necessarily involves some kind of communication mechanism
for the transmission of control signals. This communication mechanism necessarily involves adverse network effects such as
delay. Three mechanisms aimed at improving the effects of network delay are presented in this paper: (1) Motion prediction
to partially compensate for network delays, (2) force prediction to learn a local force model, thereby reducing dependency
on delayed force signals, and (3) haptic data compression to reduce the required bandwidth of high frequency data. The utilized
motion prediction scheme was shown to improve operator performance, but had no influence on operator immersion. The force
prediction provided haptic feedback through synchronous forces from the local model, thereby stabilizing the control loop.
The developed haptic data compression scheme reduced the number of packets sent across the network by 90%, while improving
the quality of the haptic feedback. 相似文献
87.
B. Holzapfel M. Leghissa P. Bauer G. Kreiselmeyer M. Kraus S. Bouffard L. Schultz G. Saemann-Ischenko 《Journal of Superconductivity》1994,7(1):205-207
Epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7–
thin films (YBCO) and YBa2Cu3O7–
/PrBa2Cu3O7–
multilayers (Y/Pr) were irradiated with high-energy heavy ions (770 Mev208Pb) under various directions relative to thec-axis. The irradiation resulted in columnar defects tilted by from thec-axis. The angular dependence of their pinning activity was studied by measuring the anisotropy of the critical current density. TheJ
c
(B, T,) behavior of the irradiated YBCO thin films showed an additional peak, which exceeds the intrinsic pinning peak, exactly at the irradiation direction. The Y/Pr multilayers, however, showed an isotropicT
c
-enhancement by a factor of 5, without any additional structure in theJ
c(B, T,) curve. 相似文献
88.
89.
90.