New directions in fusion magnet development

As part of the ERDA Division of Magnetic Fusion Energy effort to achieve fusion power by the end of the century, superconducting magnet programs were established at several of the national laboratories with the support of numerous industries. Recently, these program goals have been reviewed and modified to reflect new directions in fusion research. The development of superconducting toroidal field coils has been assigned first priority for the Experimental Power Reactor. This effort, centered at ORNL, will have the extensive support of industry, so that large construction capability can be encouraged. Ohmic heating coils for tokamaks promise to be an even more difficult task, and an expanded effort will be initiated as funds become available. Magnets for mirror confinement systems should have the highest fields practical. Accordingly, LLL has been funded to develop multifilamentary niobium-tin for future might experiments. If successful, the material might complement the recent trend toward higher field tokamaks as well. Energy Storage development at LASL is concentrating on inductive storage for 1 msec discharge and a superconducting homopolar generator for 30 msec to 1 sec discharge times. The stainless steel structure is a major cost element of any magnet system. However, recent calculations have shown that a magnetic coil form affects the toroidal field ripple in the EPR by only a few parts in a thousand. Thus, an opportunity exists to characterize and develop less expensive alloys for low temperature magnet structures.     

Sydnon-äthylene. I Stereoselektive Darstellung von Sydnon-äthylenen aus Sydnon-aldehyden

Sydnone Ethylenes. I Stereoselective Synthesis of Sydnone Ethylenes from Sydnone Aldehydes Sydnones are formylated in 4-position by the VILSMEIER -HAAK reaction. N(3)-Methyl- and N(3)-(p-Anisyl)-sydnone-(4)-carboxaldehyde react stereoselectively to sydnone ethylenes with diethyl ethoxycarbonylmethanephosphonate by HORNER reaction and with arylmethylphosphonium salts by WITTIG reaction in the presence of strong bases. In the latter case, especially in the absence of lithium cations, Z-selectivity is observed which is explained by electronic interaction between the sydnone cyclus and the aromatic substituent of the phosphine ylid in the first step of the reaction. The configuration of the obtained Z- and E-sydnone ethylenes is determined by means of ¹H-NMR- and IR-spectra.     

Innovation output and state ownership: empirical evidence from China’s listed firms

Abstract

China has experienced a surge in innovation output in which state-owned enterprises (SOE) play an essential role. Using panel data of Chinese listed firms, this paper examines the influence of state ownership on innovation output at the firm level. Controlling for size, we analyse the effects of central and local government control on the number of firms’ patent applications in different time periods. Doing so, standard assumptions on state ownership’s inhibiting character are confirmed. However, we then qualify these findings by running separate models for different regions and sectors finding that the impact of state-control on innovation performance depends on a number of conditions. More precisely, state control of firms has a negative impact on innovation output in particular in China’s Northeast region and in mid-tech sectors whereas under other circumstances it does either not matter or can even exert a positive influence.     

Anwendungen des Kern-Overhauser-Effekts. I. Strukturuntersuchungen an Z/E-isomeren 2,3-Diarylazetidin-3-olen

Applications of the Nuclear Overhauser Effect. I. Investigations of the Structure of Z/E Isomeric 2,3-Diarylazetidin-3-oles The relative configurations of Z/E-isomeric 2,3-diaryl-azetidin-3-oles are determined by mass spectrometry and ¹H-n.m.r.-NOE-measurements. The increase of the C(2)-H line intensity by saturation of the OH-signals demonstrates the Z-position of the 2,3-diaryl groups in the isomers 2a .