Measurement of solid solubility of germanium in aluminum

The solid solubility of Ge in aluminum was determined by resistivity measurement at 77 K of Al-Ge alloys annealed at various temperatures for times sufficient to complete the precipitation of the equilibrium Ge phase. The solid solubility of Ge in aluminum was found to vary from 0.252 at. pct at 533 K to 1.82 at. pct at 693 K. From the temperature dependence of the solid solubilities, the excess entropy of mixing ΔS and heat of mixing ΔH associated with the formation of solid solution of Ge in aluminum were calculated to be 2.77 R and 38.5 kJ mol^-1, respectively. Using these values of ΔS and ΔH, the maximum solid solubility of Ge in aluminum was calculated to be 2.08 at. pct at the eutectic temperature 697 K. The magnitude Δρ _Ge ⁷⁷ /Δc due to 1 at. pct impurity was determined to be 8.60 nΩm/at. pct Ge. The resistivity of Al-1.32 at. pct Ge alloys aged at 573 and 623 K was measured at 77 K to determine the time variation of the average concentrationc of the solute in the matrix during coarsening of the Ge precipitates. The value ofc, calculated using the value of Δρ _Ge ⁷⁷ /Δc, decreased linearly in accordance with the t^-1/3 law. The concentration of the solute in the matrix, in equilibrium with the Ge particle of infinite size, was determined by extrapolating thec vs t^-1/3 plot to infinite time, in excellent agreement with the above solid solubility. Formerly Graduate Student, Department of Materials Science, Tohoku University     

Studies on the anionic polymerization of methyl methacrylate with butyllithium by using perdeuterated monomer

Summary Methyl methacrylate-d₈ was polymerized by C₄H₉Li in toluene at –78°C and the resultant polymer and oligomer were studied for butyl group by ¹H NMR spectroscopy according to the precision coaxial tubing method (HATADA 1977a). A polymer and an oligomer molecule was found to have about one butyl group incorporated through the attack of C₄H₉Li on the carbonyl group as well as one terminal butyl group. The total amount of the C₄H₉Li residue introduced in both the polymer and oligomer molecules was measured to be 0.45mmol and almost corresponded to the amount of the C₄H₉Li used (0.50mmol).     

The corrosion behaviour of nickel in hydrogen chloride gas and gas mixtures of hydrogen chloride and oxygen at high temperatures

A kinetic investigation of corrosion of nickel in hydrogen chloride gases containing 0–75% oxygen at 400–700°C was carried out by the thermogravimetric method. There was no great difference in the corrosion behaviour of nickel in the hydrogen chloride gas and its mixtures with oxygen because of exclusive formation of NiCl₂ scale, regardless of the gas compositions. The corrosion behaviour showed the mixed reaction mode; that is, NiCl₂ scale formation according to parabolic kinetics and NiCl₂ scale evaporation according to linear kinetics. With increasing temperature above 500°C, linear kinetics became predominant.     

High-power and high-efficiency operation of a CW-diode-side-pumpedNd:YAG rod laser

We have demonstrated high-power and high efficiency performance of a continuous-wave (CW) Nd:YAG laser with a simple and scalable side-pumping configuration. The maximum output power of 147 W was obtained in low brightness operation of M²=45. The corresponding electric efficiency is 14.8%. To our knowledge, this is the highest value reported for diode side-pumped Nd:YAG lasers. By using a rate and photon transport calculation, we have estimated the pumping efficiency of 72%. High brightness operation was also carried out by applying bifocusing compensation of the Nd:YAG rod. The brightness of 272 MW/cm² sr with beam quality of M²=5.9 and output power of 107 W was obtained at the electric efficiency of 11.6%. The brightness and the electric efficiency are comparable with those of industrial high-power CO₂ lasers that have been the first option for industrial applications     

Primary obsessional slowness: long-term findings

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this work is to analyze the fertility of the hydatid cysts from ovine, animal species of great epidemiological interest in the hydatid disease, and the ability of the gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus) as model experimental for the study "in vivo" of this hidatyd disease as preliminary phase of therapeutic studies. METHODS: It has been carried out a study of the fertility and viability of hydatid cysts from lungs and livers of ovine from Castilla and Leon by examination and evaluation of parameters among these is the production of a secondary hydatid disease in laboratory animals. RESULTS: The total cystic index was 8.57 cysts by infested ovine (5.97 cysts by infested lung and 5.57 cysts by infested liver). The fertility percentage obtained in hydatid cysts from ovine with "in vitro" viables protoescoleces was 43.97% being 43.02% a pulmonary cysts and 46.16% in hepatic cysts. The viability of protoscoleces was demonstrated by production of a secondary hydatid disease in 100% of gerbils infested. CONCLUSIONS: It is emphasized the validity of the criteria used to study the viability "in vitro" of the protoescoleces from hydatid cysts of origin ovine. The secondary hydatid produced in gerbil leads us to consider them as experimental animal for investigation "in vivo" of hydatid disease of origin ovine.     

Vacancies in BCC3He studied by pressure measurements

The pressure of a BCC³He crystal at a molar volume of 24.356 cm³/mole is measured as a function of temperature between 75 mK and the melting point (718 mK) using a capacitive strain gauge. A strong annealing effect, namely, a decrease in pressure, is observed by cycling the temperature. It is concluded that the inhomogeneity of the density decreases during annealing. The data taken after the removal of the inhomogeneity are assumed to consist of the spin, phonon, and vacancy pressures. The spin exchange energy, the Debye temperature, the vacancy formation energy, and the vacancy formation entropy are determined to beJ=0.81 mK, =18.5 K, =4.84 K, ands/k=–1.07, respectively, wherek is the Boltzmann constant. The present value of is higher than the x-ray value (4 K) and lower than the specific heat value (6.1 K). However, the specific heat data are reanalyzed and found to be consistent with the present results.     

MRT letter: Expression of ATP sensor protein in Caenorhabditis elegans

Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) is the major energy currency and is involved in many biological processes. The ATP-monitoring system for cells in animals can be helpful to study the relationship between energy metabolism and biological processes. The fluorescent ATP biosensor ATeam (ATP indicator based on Epsilon subunit for Analytical Measurements), which has been reported to monitor ATP levels in cultured cells on the basis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), was introduced into nematodes by microinjection and UV-irradiation method. To confirm whether ATeam functions as an ATP sensor in nematode cells, the authors measured FRET of ATeam in cells of transgenic nematode. The ATeam was expressed in target cells in nematode. In vulva cells, ATP levels in the cytosol were higher than those in mitochondria. ATeam also sensed ATP level change in cultured cells from the transgenic nematode. These experiments indicated that ATeam is available for detection of changes in ATP levels in nematode cells.     

Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)‐Targeted,Galectin‐Mediated Retrograde Transport by Using a HaloTag Carrier Protein

Investigations into metabolic processes within the cell have often relied on genetic methods such as forced expression and knockout or knockdown techniques. An alternative approach would be introducing a molecule into the desired location inside the cell. To translocate compounds from outside cells into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), we constructed a delivery carrier protein. This comprised N‐terminal galectin‐1 for cell‐surface binding (G1), a protease cleavable sequence (ps), a HaloTag domain for attaching exogenous compounds (Halo), and a C‐terminal KDEL sequence for ER retention. Fluorescently labeled G1‐ps‐Halo‐KDEL passed through the Golgi apparatus and reached the ER. By using Man₉GlcNAc₂‐BODIPY as a cargo compound, the carrier protein was also delivered into the ER with concomitant processing of mannose to Man_5,6, by the ER‐resident α1,2‐mannosidase. G1‐ps‐Halo‐KDEL might serve as a new type of delivery carrier protein to direct compounds into the ER.