Cogging torque investigation of PM motors resulting from asymmetry property of magnetic poles: Influence of performance variation between permanent magnets

This paper examines the cogging torque of a permanent magnet (PM) motor resulting from the asymmetry property of magnetic poles, which comes from the performance variation between magnets. A PM motor with 32 poles (= 16 pole pairs) and 36 slots is selected for verification, because the motor whose pole/slot ratio is 8/9 is sensitive to the performance variation between permanent magnets. Assuming that two different magnetization levels of magnets are mixed together in one rotor, the amplitude of the 2.25th and 4.5th components of cogging torque, which show 36 (= 2.25 × 16) and 72 (= 4.5 × 16) times of pulsation per rotation respectively and both of which result from the asymmetry property of the magnetic poles, are evaluated. As a result, it is clarified that the cogging torque characteristics depend on the alignment pattern of the two kinds of magnets. The amplitudes of the 2.25th and 4.5th components of cogging torque are proportional respectively to the amplitude of the 36th and 72nd order harmonics of the squared magnetic flux density around the rotor which is set in the space without stator. Using the proportional constants found from the finite element analyses in some alignment patterns, the cogging torque amplitudes of the motors with other alignment patterns can be predicted by calculating the squared magnetic flux density around the rotor only. The predicted cogging torque amplitudes correspond to the actually calculated results. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 163(3): 57– 67, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.20669     

An automatic control parameter tuning method for differential evolution

Differential Evolution (DE) is an evolutionary algorithm that has shown excellent ability for solving global optimization problems over continuous spaces. DE has a few control parameters that must be set by the user. The ability of DE depends on these control parameters, and in many cases, trial‐and‐error processes are required for finding suitable values. This paper proposes a method for tuning the DE control parameters automatically. The control parameters are tuned within the DE search process. When this method is used, the finding of appropriate control parameter values by trial and error is not required. To evaluate its performance, the proposed method was applied to nine benchmark function optimization problems. The results indicate that the proposed method achieved 100% success in solving optimization problems without a major increase in the number of generations required for finding the optimum solution. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 174(3): 25–33, 2011; Published online in Wiley Online Library ( wileyonlinelibrary.com ). DOI 10.1002/eej.21047     

Dynamic mechanical properties of crosslinked polyisoprene under deformation

Summary Molecular motions of elastomers under deformations were observed through dynamic mechanical measurements. Composite master curves of dynamic moduli E and E and loss tangent tan over a wide range of frequency and in a state of elongation were obtained by the time-temperature superposition procedure. It is found that both moduli increase with strain, . The slope of the dispersion curve of E become more gradual with the increase in , while that of E is almost unchanged. The increment of E is generally larger than that of E, which does not agree with the N. W. Tschoegl prediction, E ^* ()=f() E _o ^* (), where E ^* () and E _o ^* () are complex moduli at the strain of and O, respectively, and f() is the function of only . The difference in the strain dependence of E from E was found to correspond to the strain dependence of the equilibrium modulus.     

Digital color management in full-color holographic three-dimensional printer

We propose a new method of color management for a full-color holographic, three-dimensional (3D) printer, which produces a volume reflection holographic stereogram using red, green, and blue three-color lasers. For natural color management in the holographic 3D printer, we characterize its color reproduction characteristics based on the spectral measurement of reproduced light. Then the color conversion formula, which comprises a one-dimensional lookup table and a 3×3 matrix, was derived from the measurement data. The color reproducibility was evaluated by printing a color chart hologram, and the average CIELAB ΔE=13.19 is fairly small.     

Dip-coating conditions and modifications of lead titanate and lead zirconate titanate films

The modifications of dip-coated lead titanate (PT) and lead zirconate titanate (PZT) films strongly depend on the film thickness and the substrate in addition to the heat-treatment temperature. At 500 to 600 ° C, metastable paraelectric pyrochlore grew on glass plates (amorphous plates) when the thickness of the coated films produced by one coating cycle was below 100 nm, while ferroelectric perovskite formed on crystalline substrates or when thick films were coated on amorphous plates. This tendency is discussed in terms of an inhomogeneous reaction and the epitaxial effect. The perovskite PT films coated on single-crystal SrTiO₃ plate at 700 ° C were strongly oriented to thec-axis.     

Synthesis of high molecular weight copolymer of styrene and butadiene bearing high 1,4‐cis butadiene unit from copolymerization with CpTiCl3/methylaluminoxane catalyst

Copolymerization of styrene (St) and butadiene (Bd) with CpTiCl₃/methylaluminoxane (MAO) catalyst in the presence or absence of chloranil (CA) was investigated. The CpTiCl₃/MAO catalyst showed a high activity for the copolymerization of St with Bd. The 1,4‐cis contents in the Bd units for the copolymerization of St and Bd with the CpTiCl₃/MAO catalyst was observed, and the 1,4‐cis content was optimum at a MAO/Ti mole ratio of around 225. The effect of the polymerization temperature on the copolymerization was noted, as was the effect of the 1,4‐cis microstructure in the Bd units for the copolymerization of St and Bd. The addition of CA to the CpTiCl₃/MAO catalyst was found to influence the molecular weight of the copolymer. The high weight‐average molecular weight copolymer (M_w = ca. 50 × 10⁴) consisting of mainly a 1,4‐cis microstructure of Bd units (1,4‐cis = 80.0%) was obtained from the copolymerization with the CpTiCl₃/MAO catalyst in the presence of CA (CA/Ti mole ratio = 1) at 0°C. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 2942–2946, 2003     

Relation between molecular structure and flow instability for ethylene/α-olefin copolymers

Surface instabilities in a capillary extrusion have been studied for various ethylene/α-olefin copolymers. It is found that the onset stress of shark-skin failure for ethylene/1-hexene copolymer (EHR) decreases rapidly with increasing 1-hexene content, whereas that of ethylene/propylene copolymer (EPR) is independent of propylene content in the experimental region. Consequently, EHR with high 1-hexene content exhibits shark-skin at low stress level compared to EPR. Lower rubbery plateau modulus, leading to higher Deborah number at the same stress level, is attributed to the lower onset stress. Further, the low entanglement density will cause cracks at lower stress level like glassy polymers, which is also responsible for the low onset stress for shark-skin.