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In this research, new donor–acceptor (D‐A) photovoltaic polymers were synthesized from dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole electron donor derivatives, including N‐benzoyldithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole and N‐(4‐hexylbenzoyl)dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole, in combination with the electron deficient unit 2,5‐bis(2‐ethylhexyl)‐3,6‐di(thiophen‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐dihydropyrrolo[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐1,4‐dione via direct (hetero)arylation polymerization. The D‐A conjugated polymers obtained were characterized via 1H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, DSC, XRD, photoluminescence and UV–visible methods. In addition, these D‐A polymers were used as activated layers in bilayer and bulk heterojunction structures for the fabrication of organic photovoltaic cells. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   
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The formation of periodic wrinkles in soft layered materials due to mechanical instabilities is prevalent in nature and has been proposed for use in multiple applications. However, such phenomena have been explored predominantly in quasi‐static settings. Here, the dynamics of soft elastomeric blocks with stiff surface films subjected to high‐speed impact are measured, and wrinkles forming along with, and riding upon, waves propagating through the system are observed. The measurements are analyzed with large‐deformation, nonlinear visco‐hyperelastic finite element simulations coupled to an analytical wrinkling model. The comparison between the measured and simulated dynamics shows good agreement, and suggests that inertia and viscoelasticity play an important role. Here, future studies of the dynamics of surface instabilities in soft materials are encouraged, including cases involving large‐deformation, highly nonlinear morphologies. Improved understanding of dynamic wrinkle formation may have applications to areas including impact mitigation, soft electronics, and the dynamics of soft sandwich composites.  相似文献   
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Perovskite solar cells increasingly feature mixed‐halide mixed‐cation compounds (FA1?x?yMAxCsyPbI3?zBrz) as photovoltaic absorbers, as they enable easier processing and improved stability. Here, the underlying reasons for ease of processing are revealed. It is found that halide and cation engineering leads to a systematic widening of the anti‐solvent processing window for the fabrication of high‐quality films and efficient solar cells. This window widens from seconds, in the case of single cation/halide systems (e.g., MAPbI3, FAPbI3, and FAPbBr3), to several minutes for mixed systems. In situ X‐ray diffraction studies reveal that the processing window is closely related to the crystallization of the disordered sol–gel and to the number of crystalline byproducts; the processing window therefore depends directly on the precise cation/halide composition. Moreover, anti‐solvent dripping is shown to promote the desired perovskite phase with careful formulation. The processing window of perovskite solar cells, as defined by the latest time the anti‐solvent drip yields efficient solar cells, broadened with the increasing complexity of cation/halide content. This behavior is ascribed to kinetic stabilization of sol–gel state through cation/halide engineering. This provides guidelines for designing new formulations, aimed at formation of the perovskite phase, ultimately resulting in high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells produced with ease and with high reproducibility.  相似文献   
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This research investigates vision‐based automated bridge component recognition, which is critical for automating visual inspection of bridges during initial response after earthquakes. Semantic segmentation algorithms with up to 45 convolutional layers are applied to recognize bridge components from images of complex scenes. One of the challenges in such scenarios is to get the recognition results consistent with high‐level scene structure using limited amount of training data. To impose the high‐level scene consistency, this research combines 10‐class scene classification and 5‐class bridge component classification. Three approaches are investigated to combine scene classification results into bridge component classification: (a) naïve configuration, (b) parallel configuration, and (c) sequential configuration of classifiers. The proposed approaches, sequential configuration in particular, are demonstrated to be effective in recognizing bridge components in complex scenes, showing less than 1% of accuracy loss from the naïve/parallel configuration for bridge images, and less than 1% false positives for the nonbridge images.  相似文献   
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In this study, the effects of unmodified nanosilica and nanosilica modified by an isopropyl tri[di(octyl) phosphate] titanate coupling agent (KR-12; m-nanosilica) on the structure, morphology, thermomechanical properties, and kinetics of the curing process of epoxy–tetrabutyl titanate (TBuT) nanocomposites were investigated. The viscosity, tensile strength, and flexural strength of the cured epoxy and cured epoxy–m-silica–TBuT nanocomposites were determined with a Brookfield viscometer and an Instron 5582-100KN universal machine. The morphology and gel fraction content of the nanocomposites were analyzed with transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy methods and Soxhlet extraction. The viscosity, mechanical properties, gel fraction content, and morphology results of the cured epoxy–m-silica–TBuT nanocomposites confirm that 5 wt % m-nanosilica was the most suitable for improving the dispersion of m-nanosilica in the epoxy matrix and the properties of these materials. The thermal behavior of the nanocomposites was determined by thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) methods. On the basis of DSC data, the average value of the activation energy of the cured epoxy–TBuT system, calculated according to Flynn–Wall–Ozawa and Kissinger equations, was 67.893 kJ/mol. The calculation according to the Crane equation showed that the first-order kinetics complied with the curing reaction for the neat epoxy. When we introduced the unmodified nanosilica and modified nanosilica into the epoxy matrix, the order kinetics of the curing reaction for the nanocomposites also followed first-order kinetics, but the activation energy of their curing reaction decreased significantly. Some other properties were also investigated with dynamic mechanical analysis and Fourier transform infrared analysis and are discussed. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136, 47412.  相似文献   
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In this report, undoped, mono and co-doped perovskite strontium titanate (SrTi1−(x+y)MoxVyO3) were synthesized by the sol-gel method, and their physical and optical properties were investigated. Furthermore, the photocatalytic degradation activities of the synthesized powders were conducted in 10 ppm methylene blue solution under visible-light irradiation. A maximum degradation efficiency of 91.5% was achieved in SrTi0.9Mo0.05V0.05O3 powder whereas only 59.9% of degradation was found in undoped SrTiO3. The improved efficiency in co-doped SrTiO3 was due to the doping of metal cations, Mo+6 and V+5 in the host lattice, which created impurity defect states thereby effectively reducing the bandgap energy of the semiconductor.  相似文献   
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