WINSOR—Ⅲ型微乳液体系三相渗流相对渗透率曲线经验方程的建立

本文分析了进口软件VIPUT/CHEM中所采用的微乳液三相渗流相对渗透率模型中值得商榷的问题。对实测相对渗透率数据,运用数理统计方法建立了适合老君庙油田L油层微乳液驱油的相对渗透率曲线的经验方程。     

用于考核变电站运行工的动态题库

分析了变电站现行考核方式的利弊；介绍了动态题库及其实现的具体办法。     

Simultaneous removal of particulates and NO by the catalytic bag filter containing MnOx catalysts

A catalytic bag filter which can remove particulates and NOx simultaneously was prepared and tested in a laboratory and a pilot plant. Manganese oxides (MnOx), active for the selective NO reduction with NH₃ at low temperatures, was utilized as the catalyst. This MnOx-coated bag filter showed 92.6% NOx conversion at 423 K with a space velocity of 400,000 h⁻¹.     

KDON-250/1500型空分设备降本增效措施

简要分析了KDON -2 5 0 / 15 0 0型空分设备投产后旧空分KZON -15 0 / 6 0 0设备停运时存在着一些制约生产的问题 ,并提出改造措施 ,同时分析了KDON -2 5 0 / 15 0 0型空分设备配套设备生产能力及降本增效潜力 ,只要液态产品市场挖掘出来 ,其经济效益将大幅提高     

Transdermal Nicotine Delivery Systems: Multi-institutional Cooperative Bioequivalence Studies

Nicotine transdermal delivery systems (nicotine-TDSs) have been evaluated clinically and found to provide effective assistance to smokers in smoking cessation with minimal occurrence of withdrawal symptoms. However, substantial skin reactions have been reported with the four nicotine-TDSs marketed recently. To reduce the skin reactions, a new type of nicotine-TDS has been recently developed. In vitro skin permeation studies demonstrated that this nicotine-TDS yields a constant skin permeation profile with a rate of permeation across the human cadaver skin comparable to the steady-state permeation rates attained by Habitrol™ and Nicoderm® systems. Clinical studies completed in two ethnic groups have demonstrated that this newly-developed nicotine-TDS is clinically effective and has yielded minimal skin irritation. As part of technical transfer program, a clinical study was initiated in 18 non-obese non-smoking Taiwanese, using Latin-square design, to compare the systemic bioavailability and pharmacokinetic profile of nicotine delivered transdermally from the nicotine-TDSs fabricated at technology licensee (Sintong nicotine-TDS) in comparison with that from the technology developer (TBS nicotine-TDS), using one marketed nicotine-TDS (Habitrol™ system) as the reference product. In vitro release and skin permeation studies of nicotine from the nicotine-TDSs manufactured at both licensor and licensee were found similar in kinetic profiles and comparable in rates. Since the patch size of these nicotine-TDSs studied was smaller than the marketed product used (10 cm² for both Sintong and TBS nicotine-TDSs, versus 20 cm² for Habitrol™ system), the daily doses of nicotine delivered to the volunteers are equivalent between Sintong and TBS nicotine-TDSs [9.58 (± 2.23) vs. 8.76 (± 1.88) mg/day/patch] but are lower than that from Habitrol™ system [15.13 (± 4.05) mg/day/patch]. Thus, for the statistical analysis of the pharmacokinetic parameters obtained need to be corrected for the difference in patch size and daily nicotine dose delivered. The results of statistical analysis suggested that Sintong and TBS nicotine-TDSs are bioequivalent to Habitrol™ system.     

Synergism and kinetics in CO oxidation over palladium-rhodium bimetallic catalysts

The activity and kinetics of CO oxidation over alumina-supported Pd-Rh bimetallic catalysts were investigated. One bimetallic catalyst, Pd-Rh(2), was prepared by two-step impregnation and another, Pd-Rh(l), by simultaneous impregnation. Monometallic catalysts as well as a physical mixture of them were also prepared. The catalysts were characterized by selective chemisorption of both H₂ and CO, and an attempt was made to determine the surface compositions of the bimetallic catalysts. The bimetallic catalysts showed different kinetic behavior, such as higher turnover frequencies (TOFs), lower apparent activation energies and/or negative reaction orders for CO which were smaller in the absolute value, from that of the monometallic catalysts as well as a physical mixture of them. It is suggested that this Pd-Rh synergism is due to an interaction on the catalyst surface, such that adsorbed CO or oxygen on one metal migrates to the other metal site so that the reaction rate is facilitated and also that the particles of Pd and Rh are located close enough to each other for the interaction to occur. On the surface of Pd-Rh (2) most of the Pd and Rh particles existed as separate entities, while a great portion of the particles on Pd-Rh(l) exhibited the surface enrichment of Pd. This explains the higher TOF and the negative reaction orders for CO over Pd-Rh(2) which were smaller in the absolute value than those over Pd-Rh(l).     

Transdermal Dual-Controlled Delivery of Testosterone and Estradiol: (II) Enhanced Skin Permeability and Membrane-Moderated Delivery

In the second report of this series of investigations, series of alkanols, alkanoic acids and propyl alkanoates were evaluated for their potential as skin permeation enhancers for testosterone and estradiol delivered from a multilaminate-type transdermal drug delivery (m-TDD) system. Results indicated that permeation rates vary with the length of alkyl chain and the maximum enhancement effect is attained with alkanol having n=6-8 (n is the number of methylene groups), alkanoic acid having n=8-10, and propyl alkanoate having n=10-12. The enhancing effect of series of sorbitan esters and polysorbates on the skin permeation of testosterone was also studied; and the results indicated that sorbitan esters are effective skin permeation enhancer, while polysorbates are not. The effect of enhancer loading on the skin permeation rates of testosterone and estradiol, the barrier property of permselective membrane, the dosage rate ratio of testosterone/estradiol was extensively studied; and the effect of variation in the location of enhancer in the m-TDD system on the skin permeation of estradiol and testosterone was also investigated. The permselective membrane has been shown to be effective in controlling the delivery and skin permeation of estradiol. By simultaneous application of an appropriate skin permeation enhancer in testosterone reservoir layer and a permselective membrane with controlled thickness sandwiched between the estradiol- and testosterone-reservoir layer, the skin permeation rates of testosterone and estradiol from the m-TDD system can be modulated and the dosage rate ratio of testosterone/estradiol can be varied to suite for a particular therapeutic application.     

Application of anticancer agent embolism in Miles'' operation

A double-blind prospective study was done with 15 patients with anterior shoulder instability to determine the diagnostic efficacy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging versus arthroscopy in the evaluation of chondral or osteochondral lesions of the humeral head. MR produced 6 true positives, 5 true negatives and 4 false negatives, and its accuracy and sensitivity were 60% and 87%, respectively, whereas arthroscopy gave 8 true positives, 5 true negatives and 2 false negatives, with a sensitivity of 80% and an accuracy of 87%. All lesions diagnosed with either method were regarded as positive by definition, with the result that the specificity was always 100%. The differences in diagnosis sprang from the false negatives. The 40% discrepancy between the two methods was probably due to our distinction in MR between intra- and extra-articular osteochondral lesions. In the first group (the 4 MR false negatives), there were three instances of first-degree intra-articular lesion and one diagnostic error (third-degree lesion). In the second (the 2 arthroscopy false negatives), the lesions were of the extra-articular type. It is thus advisable to employ both of these methods to ensure the correct diagnosis of a Hill-Sachs lesion, and hence the correct choice of treatment.     

Simple Evaluation Method of Intrinsic Diffusivity for Membrane-Moderated Controlled Release

The effect of diffusion boundary layers in an in vitro membrane permeation system on the membrane diffusivity of drugs was investigated based on the three-layer model. A simple method for evaluating the intrinsic diffusivity through the membrane was developed and the intrinsic diffusivity of progesterone and testosterone through a silicone membrane were determined using this approach.