Attractiveness to mexican fruit flies of combinations of acetic acid with ammonium/amino attractants with emphasis on effects of hunger

Ammonium acetate was more attractive than other ammonium salts to Mexican fruit flies (Anastrepha ludens) in an orchard test. We hypothesized that acetic acid enhanced the attractiveness of ammonia in the orchard test and that acetic acid may similarly enhance attractiveness of AMPu, an attractant consisting of a mixture of ammonium bicarbonate or ammonium carbonate, methylamine HCl, and putrescine. In laboratory experiments, acetic acid was attractive to flies deprived of either yeast hydrolysate or both sugar and yeast hydrolysate but not to flies fed both sugar and yeast hydrolysate. AMPu/acetic acid combinations were more attractive than AMPu alone to flies deprived of both sugar and yeast hydrolysate but not to flies fed sugar, regardless of yeast hydrolysate deprivation status. Acetic acid is the first attractant found that has become more attractive with both sugar and protein deprivation in studies withA. ludens. It is also the first that has enhanced the attractiveness of another attractant type. In orchard tests, yellow sticky panels baited with either AMPu or 17 mg of acetic acid were at least six times more attractive than unbaited panels. However, panels baited with both acetic acid (17–68 mg) and AMPu were less attractive than AMPu alone. These results differed from the laboratory data in which combinations were never less attractive than AMPu alone.     

Influence of anionic form on thermooxidation of TMAHP–cellulose

With the help of DTA, DTG elementary analysis of carbonized residues and ESR spectroscopy the influence of anionic form on thermooxidation of trimethylammoniumhydroxyprophyl (TMAHP)–cellulose was studied. At 300°C the percentage of carbon in carbonized residue thermolyzed in oxidative atmosphere is higher than for the sample degraded in inert atmosphere. The percentage of hydrogen decreases simultaneously. The concentration of free radicals in thermolyzed residue also increases due to the presence of oxygen. We propose that oxygen is abstracting the hydrogen atoms from polysaccharide and unpaired electrons on carbon atoms are produced. At 400°C the percentage of carbon in residues prepared at inert atmosphere is higher than for residue formed at oxidative atmosphere. Also the concentration of free radicals in thermolyzed residues obtained in inert atmosphere is greater than for those from oxidative ones. That is why suppose that at this temperature oxygen is bonded to polysaccharide residue and free radicals are terminated. From the semiquantitative DTA we can make the following sequence of samples according to their increasing thermooxidative effect: unmodified cellulose < A–HSO < A–Br^? < A–I^? < A–NO < A–H₂PO < A–CH₃COO^? < A–HCO < A–F^? < A–Cl^?1 < A–OH^p?.     

A novel attractant for Mexican fruit fly,Anastrepha ludens,from fermented host fruit

Chemicals from fermented chapote fruit were identified and evaluated as attractants for hungry adult Mexican fruit flies in laboratory and greenhouse bioassays. Twenty-eight chemicals identified from an attractive gas-chromatography fraction were as attractive as a chapote volatiles extract (CV) when mixed in the same amounts found in CV. Sixteen of the chemicals were slightly attractive to flies when tested individually. A mixture containing 15 of the chemicals by design and the 16th as an impurity, in arbitrary concentrations, was at least as attractive as the original CV. In a series of experiments, the number of chemicals was reduced to three by elimination of unnecessary components. The three-component mixture retained the attractiveness of the 15-component mixture. The three chemicals were 1,8-cineole, ethyl hexanoate, and hexanol (CEH). Attractiveness of the three-chemical mixture was equal to the sum of the attractiveness of the three individual components, suggesting that each chemical binds to a different receptor type that independently elicits partial attraction behavior. Optimal ratios were 1011 of the three chemicals, respectively. Optimal test quantities ranged between 0.4–4g of 1,8-cineole and 40–400 ng each of ethyl hexanoate and hexanol applied to filter paper in the laboratory bioassays. A neat 1011 mixture of the chemicals was 1.8 times more attractive than aqueous solutions ofTorula dried yeast and borax to starved 2-day-old flies when the lures were tested in competing McPhail traps in a large greenhouse cage.Diptera: Tephritidae.     

The potentiometric behaviour of copolymers of methacrylic acid in water-ethanol solutions

Summary The synthesis is reported of copolymers of styrene with methacrylic acid and of methyl methacrylate with methacrylic acid by radical copolymerization, of copolymers of methyl methacrylate with methacrylic acid by partial alkaline hydrolysis of poly(methyl methacrylate), and of block copolymers of styrene with methacrylic acid. Modified titration curves of all these copolymers were recorded in water and water-ethanol solutions. In a solution containing 50 mass.% ethanol, only small differences could be observed between the potentiometric behaviour of the individual copolymers and polymethacrylic acid. Also, there were no essential differences in any of the solvents used between the potentiometric behaviour of block copolymers of styrene with methacrylic acid, on the one hand, and polymethacrylic acid, on the other. On the contrary, maxima and minima were always observed on the modified titration curves of statistical copolymers with a higher content of the hydrophobic comonomer in solutions with a high water content. Thus, using the modified titration curves, it is possible to decide whether a given copolymer is of the block or statistical type.     

Investigation of Flow Patterns in Continuous‐flow Stirred Vessels by Laser Doppler Velocimetry

The flow structure of a continuous‐flow reactor stirred by a Rushton turbine was investigated by laser Doppler velocimetry for two different mean residence time‐mixing time ratios. Velocity measurements were obtained for two inlet locations, corresponding to the incoming liquid stream being fed co‐currently or counter‐currently to the flow discharged by the turbine. In all investigated configurations and for all operating conditions, it was found that the flow disruption caused by the incoming liquid stream was observable mainly in the first vessel quarter, which followed the feed‐tube plane. From comparison of the velocities encountered in the various planes in the continuous‐flow reactor to the velocities of the batch reactor, it was also concluded that it may be possible to intensify the usage of the turbine‐stirred vessel by decreasing the characteristic times ratio, without considerable flow by‐pass and/or short‐circuiting problems.     

Diffusion of ellipsoidal granular particles in shear flow

The diffusion of nonspherical particles has not been well understood due to the complexity of their contact mechanics and self-organization of their orientations. We perform discrete element method simulations of monodisperse ellipsoids in a shear flow with Lees-Edwards boundary conditions to quantify the relation between the diffusion coefficient and the flow parameters. The results indicate that the particle aspect ratio strongly affects the diffusion coefficient by influencing the particle orientation and alignment. We develop a scaling law for the diffusion coefficient perpendicular to the flow direction, D_yy, which combines the influences of the shear rate , the solids fraction f, the effective particle diameter d_eff and the particle aspect ratio Z. We show that , where k_d is a dimensionless pre-factor, and a fit is obtained for the functional form of χ(f, Z). This scaling law will be useful in developing continuum transport models for applications.     

Mid‐infrared spectroscopy as a tool for real‐time monitoring of ethanol absorption in glycols

Fast, simple, accurate, and inexpensive methods for obtaining analyte concentration data are desirable in the industrial sector. In the present study, the use of Fourier transform mid‐infrared (FT‐MIR) spectroscopy, combined with partial least squares (PLS) regression, was investigated as a tool for real‐time monitoring of processes of ethanol absorption in glycols. Calibration was performed using simple synthetic samples containing ethanol, water, and monoethylene glycol (MEG) or diethylene glycol (DEG). The PLS models presented excellent performance, with correlation coefficients (R²) close to unity and root‐mean‐square errors of cross‐validation (RMSECV) and prediction (RMSEP) lower than 2% of the calibration data ranges for both analytes (ethanol and water) in both absorbents (MEG and DEG). The monitoring technique developed has potential to be applied in absorption processes and could also be used in other large‐scale unit operations, providing information in real time and enhancing process control.     

Hysteresis minor loop analysis of plastically deformed low-carbon steel

This work investigates applicability of magnetic hysteresis method for non-destructive testing of plastically deformed low-carbon steel. Recently introduced Magnetic Adaptive Testing procedure was used for evaluation of hysteresis minor loop data-sets to find the most sensitive parameter/s for indication of the material degradation stage. Inductive measurements were carried out on two identically degraded series of samples: magnetically closed window-shaped specimens, equipped with the magnetizing and the induction coils, and magnetically open strips, measured by an attached magnetizing yoke. The aim was to compare the results between these sample series in order to determine applicability and limitations of the single-yoke measurement technique. As a result, new magnetic parameters with the best sensitivity–stability ratio in a wide deformation range were introduced and proposed for utilization. Good qualitative coincidence between the measurement results on the closed and the open sample series was obtained in all range of magnetization. Several quantitative distinctions were explained and analyzed in order to improve the single-yoke technique.     

Beyond multi-adjoint logic programming

In ‘multi-adjoint logic programming’, MALP in brief, each fuzzy logic program is associated with its own ‘multi-adjoint lattice’ for modelling truth degrees beyond the simpler case of true and false, where a large set of fuzzy connectives can be defined. On this wide repertoire, it is crucial to connect each implication symbol with a proper conjunction thus conforming constructs of the form (←_i, &_i) called ‘adjoint pairs’, whose use directly affects both declarative and operational semantics of the MALP framework. In this work, we firstly show how the strong dependence of adjoint pairs can be largely weakened for an interesting ‘sub-class’ of MALP programs. Then, we reason in a similar way till conceiving a ‘super-class’ of fuzzy logic programs beyond MALP, which definitively drops out the need for using adjoint pairs, since the new semantics behaviour relies on much more relaxed lattices than multi-adjoint ones.     

Ideals and congruences of basic algebras

MV-algebras as well as orthomodular lattices can be seen as a particular case of so-called “basic algebras” which are an alter ego of bounded lattices whose sections are equipped with fixed antitone involutions. The class of basic algebras is an ideal variety. In the paper, we give an internal characterization of congruence kernels (ideals) and find a finite basis of ideal terms, with focus on monotone and effect basic algebras. We also axiomatize basic algebras that are subdirect products of linearly ordered ones.