Development of a Continuous Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor and the “Scale‐out” Concept – In Search of Perfect Powders

The synthesis of powders with controlled shape and narrow particle size distributions is still a major challenge for many industries. A continuous Segmented Flow Tubular Reactor (SFTR) has been developed to overcome homogeneity and scale‐up problems encountered when using batch reactors. Supersaturation is created by mixing the co‐reactants in a micromixer inducing precipitation; the suspension is then segmented into identical micro‐volumes by a non‐miscible fluid and sent through a tube. These micro‐volumes are more homogeneous when compared to large batch reactors leading to narrower size distributions, better particle morphology, polymorph selectivity and stoichiometry. All these features have been demonstrated on single tube SFTR for different chemical systems. To increase productivity for commercial application the SFTR is being “scaled‐out” by multiplying the number of tubes running in parallel instead of scaling‐up by increasing their size. The versatility of the multi‐tube unit will allow changes in type of precipitate with a minimum of new investment as new chemistry can be researched, developed and optimised in a single tube SFTR and then transferred to the multi‐tube unit for powder production.     

Reliability investigation of 0.07-/spl mu/m InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMT MMICs with pseudomorphic In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As channel

The authors have investigated the reliability performance of G-band (183 GHz) monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) amplifiers fabricated using 0.07-/spl mu/m T-gate InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMTs with pseudomorphic In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As channel on 3-in wafers. Life test was performed at two temperatures (T/sub 1/ = 200 /spl deg/C and T/sub 2/ = 215 /spl deg/C), and the amplifiers were stressed at V/sub ds/ of 1 V and I/sub ds/ of 250 mA/mm in a N/sub 2/ ambient. The activation energy is as high as 1.7 eV, achieving a projected median-time-to-failure (MTTF) /spl ap/ 2 /spl times/ 10/sup 6/ h at a junction temperature of 125 /spl deg/C. MTTF was determined by 2-temperature constant current stress using /spl Delta/G/sub mp/ = -20% as the failure criteria. The difference of reliability performance between 0.07-/spl mu/m InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMT MMICs with pseudomorphic In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As channel and 0.1-/spl mu/m InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMT MMICs with In/sub 0.6/Ga/sub 0.4/As channel is also discussed. The achieved high-reliability result demonstrates a robust 0.07-/spl mu/m pseudomorphic InGaAs-InAlAs-InP HEMT MMICs production technology for G-band applications.     

Thermal conductivity of doped PbTe-based solid solutions with off-center impurities

The coefficients of thermopower and electrical and thermal conductivity in the PbTe_0.8Se_0.1 S _0.1 solid solution with electron concentration (4.6–54) × 10¹⁸ cm^?3 are studied in the range of 85–300 K (and in some cases up to 700 K). The temperature dependences of electrical and thermal conductivity indicate that the low-temperature electron and phonon scattering initiated by the off-center impurity of sulfur exists. The temperature dependences of the electronic and lattice components of thermal conductivity are calculated in the approximation of a parabolic spectrum and electron scattering by acoustic phonons and neutral substitutional impurities. The lattice thermal conductivity is found to have a feature in the form of a shallow minimum in the range of 85–250 K. A similar feature, while not so clearly pronounced, is found to exist also in Pb_1?x Sn_xTe_1?x Se_x alloys (x≥0.15) with an off-center tin impurity. An analysis of the possible origins of this effect suggests that, at low temperatures, the Lorentz numbers L of the materials under study are smaller than the L₀ numbers employed which correspond to the above scattering mechanisms. The cause of the decrease in L is related to electron scattering at two-level systems, a mechanism whose effect grows with increasing electron energy. An analysis of experimental data obtained at high temperatures, as well as on undoped samples with the lowest possible carrier concentrations, yields the values of L for samples with different electron densities. The minimum value L/L₀ = 0.75 is obtained for a lightly doped sample at ～130 K.     

A simple impulsiveness correction factor for control of electromagnetic interference in dynamic wireless applications

The emerging software defined radio technologies will be an enabler for a new generation of dynamic wireless systems. It will also open up the possibility of allocating frequencies in a, more dynamic way than today. From an intersystem-interference point of view, this can cause unforeseen problems to occur due to the increased complexity in such applications. In such applications, a measure indicating whether or not a frequency band is possible to use from an electromagnetic interference point of view, must be found. A simple approach is to use the measured total average interference power within the receiver band. Since the interference impact on modern digital communication systems from an interference signal does not only depend on the power but also on the actual waveform of the interference signal, some kind of quality measure of the average-power approach would be convenient to use. In this paper, we introduce a simple quality measure of the average-power approach so that a rough adjustment for the interference-waveform properties can be done.     

Quadrature Mismatch Shaping for Digital-to-Analog Converters

Quadrature sigma-delta analog-to-digital converters require a feedback path for both the I and the Q parts of the complex feedback signal. If two separate multibit feedback digital-to-analog converters (DACs) are used, mismatch among the unit DAC elements leads to additional mismatch noise in the output spectrum as well as an I/Q imbalance. This paper proposes new quadrature bandpass (QBP) mismatch shaping techniques. In our approach, the I and Q DACs are merged into one complex DAC, which leads to near-perfect I/Q balance. To select the unit DAC elements of the complex multibit DAC, the well-known butterfly shuffler and tree structure are generalized towards a complex structure, and necessary constraints for their correct functioning are derived. Next, a very efficient first-order QBP shaper implementation is proposed. Finally, the newly presented complex structures are simulated to prove their effectiveness and are compared with each other with respect to performance     

Viability of bifidobacteria in commercial yogurt products in North Carolina during refrigerated storage

Fifty-eight commercial yogurt products of seven brands (which claimed to include bifidobacteria) were obtained from local stores in Greensboro, North Carolina, USA. These products were examined at 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks for the viability of bifidobacteria and yogurt starter culture during refrigerated storage at 4°C. Our results showed that bifidobacteria counts were variable, ranging from 0 to 5.5 log cfu/mL. The average yogurt starter culture counts ranged from 5.20 to 8.87 log cfu/mL and 7.51–8.94 log cfu/mL for Lactobacillus delbrueckii spp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus , respectively. Of the 58 products tested, only 44 products (76%) contained viable cultures. Viability of bifidobacteria in yogurt samples remained within the same levels during 3 weeks of storage at 4°C; however, the bacterial count started to decline during the fourth week. These results suggest optimal beneficial consumption of yogurt foods with live bifidobacteria should occur within 3 weeks of production. Results obtained from this research could be used by the industry to develop new technologies to ensure consumers receive high-quality products.     

High Rate Data Synchronization in GALS SoCs

Globally asynchronous, locally synchronous (GALS) systems-on-chip (SoCs) may be prone to synchronization failures if the delay of their locally-generated clock tree is not considered. This paper presents an in-depth analysis of the problem and proposes a novel solution. The problem is analyzed considering the magnitude of clock tree delays, the cycle times of the GALS module, and the complexity of the asynchronous interface controllers using a timed signal transition graph (STG) approach. In some cases, the problem can be solved by extracting all the delays and verifying whether the system is susceptible to metastability. In other cases, when high data bandwidth is not required, matched-delay asynchronous ports may be employed. A novel architecture for synchronizing inter-modular communications in GALS, based on locally delayed latching (LDL), is described. LDL synchronization does not require pausable clocking, is insensitive to clock tree delays, and supports high data rates. It replaces complex global timing constraints with simpler localized ones. Three different LDL ports are presented. The risk of metastability in the synchronizer is analyzed in a technology-independent manner     

Dynamics of liquid-filled spacecraft

A method is presented for simulating coupled liquid-solid dynamics. An important example of a coupled liquid-solid system is a satellite carrying fuel. The dynamics of the satellite and the onboard fuel influence each other, which may lead to satellite motion that is uncontrollable. For better understanding of the complex dynamics of coupled systems, a numerical model is developed. The model consists of two parts. The first part that solves the liquid motion is only briefly discussed here. The focus in this paper is on the way in which the dynamics of the liquid and the solid body are coupled. For this, the governing equations are presented in which terms appear that represent the force and torque on the solid body due to the sloshing liquid. The governing equations are rewritten such that the discrete approximation of these equations can be integrated in a stable manner for arbitrary liquid/solid mass ratios. Results are presented demonstrating the stability of the present model. A grid-refinement study and a time-step analysis are performed. Finally, the flat-spin motion of a satellite, partially filled with liquid, that flew in 1992 as part of the Wet Satellite Model experiment is studied. Results from the simulation are compared with the actual flight data.