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91.
With increasing globalization, communication across language and cultural boundaries is becoming an essential requirement
of doing business, delivering education, and providing public services. Due to the considerable cost of human translation
services, only a small fraction of text documents and an even smaller percentage of spoken encounters, such as international
meetings and conferences, are translated, with most resorting to the use of a common language (e.g. English) or not taking
place at all. Technology may provide a potentially revolutionary way out if real-time, domain-independent, simultaneous speech
translation can be realized. In this paper, we present a simultaneous speech translation system based on statistical recognition
and translation technology. We discuss the technology, various system improvements and propose mechanisms for user-friendly
delivery of the result. Over extensive component and end-to-end system evaluations and comparisons with human translation
performance, we conclude that machines can already deliver comprehensible simultaneous translation output. Moreover, while
machine performance is affected by recognition errors (and thus can be improved), human performance is limited by the cognitive
challenge of performing the task in real time. 相似文献
92.
93.
94.
Titanium oxides were reduced to metallic titanium using the liquid calcium floating on the molten CaCl2. A part of Ca dissolved into CaCl2 and reacted with TiO2 settled below CaCl2. The by-product CaO also dissolved by about 20 mol pct into CaCl2, which was effective in reducing the oxygen concentration in the obtained Ti particles. The compositional region in the Ca-CaCl2-CaO system was examined for the less oxygen contamination in Ti and the better handling in leaching. A large amount of the
residual calcium oxidized the titanium powder in leaching. The metallic Ti powder less than 1000 mass ppm oxygen could be
obtained only for 3.6 ks using 5 to 7 mol pct Ca-CaCl2 at 1173 K. The powder was slightly sintered like sponge, and contained approximately 1500 ppm Ca. The anatase phae, the intermediate
product in the refining process of TiO2, could be also supplied as raw material as well as rutile. 相似文献
95.
The authors used visual search tasks in which components of the classic flanker task (B. A. Eriksen & C. W. Eriksen, 1974) were introduced. In several experiments the authors obtained evidence of parallel search for a target among distractor elements. Therefore, 2-stage models of visual search predict no effect of the identity of those distractors. However, clear compatibility effects of the distractors were obtained: Responses were faster when the distractors were compatible with the response than when they were incompatible. These results show that even in parallel search tasks identity information is extracted from the distractors. In addition, alternative interpretations of the results in terms of the occasional identification of a distractor before or after the target was identified could be ruled out. The results showed that flat search slopes obtained in visual search experiments provide no benchmark for preattentive processing. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
96.
In this study, nanocrystalline Ni powders and thermally sprayed coatings, containing ultrafine AlN particles, were synthesized
and characterized. The results indicated that the presence of AlN particles in the powders drastically decreased the dimension
of agglomerates formed by cryomilling and increased the surface roughness of the agglomerates. The AlN phase was broken down
into ultrafine particles of approximately 30 nm in size. These particles were dispersed in the Ni matrix and enhanced the
development of a nanocrystalline structure in the Ni matrix during cryomilling. Selected-area diffraction patterns, obtained
from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray mapping with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confirmed the presence
of AlN particles in the coatings. The presence of AlN particles also led to an increase in the amount of NiO phase that was
distributed in the coating, in the form of ultrafine, round particles. AlN particles increased the microhardness of the Ni
coating by approximately 60 pct. Indentation-fracture results also indicated that the fine, dispersed AlN particles raised
the apparent toughness of the Ni coating. The synthesized Ni coatings containing ultrafine AlN particles were characterized
as equiaxed nanocrystalline grains with an average size of 24 nm, in which twins were observed. The increase in microhardness
resulted from both grain refinement and the presence of ultrafine particles. The latter played the primary role in strengthening. 相似文献
97.
Shijie Zhu Yutaka Kagawa Jian-Wu Cao Mineo Mizuno 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2004,35(9):2853-2859
Time-dependent deformation in an enhanced SiC/SiC composite has been studied under constant load at high temperatures of 1200
°C, 1300 °C, and 1400 °C. Creep damage evolution was evaluated by a Young’s-modulus change of partial unloading and microscopic
observation. The addition of the glassy phase in the matrix is very effective for protecting the composite from oxidation.
The transient creep is dominant in creep life at all the temperatures. An empirical equation is proposed to describe creep
behavior of the composite. It is found that creep activation energy increases with creep time at stresses lower than matrix
cracking stress, but the activation energy remains constant at stresses higher than the matrix cracking stress. The creep
strain rate of the composite is considered to be controlled by creep of fibers based on examining the time, strain, stress,
and temperature dependencies of creep strain rates. 相似文献
98.
Jan Buijs 《Creativity & Innovation Management》2007,16(2):203-210
Innovating is a multi‐faceted process. In this paper, four different, yet intertwined aspects of this process are distinguished. The first aspect concerns the content of the innovation; a new product, a new technology or a new market. The second aspect concerns the group dynamics of the innovation team. The third aspect concerns seeing the innovation process as a creative process. And the fourth aspect has to do with leadership. Since these four aspects are simultaneously working together during the innovation process, the leaders of this process are working in a very difficult situation, as all four aspects need to be dealt with in different ways. Nearly all of them are, in one way or another, in conflict with one another. They may conflict in real actions, in time horizons (past, present or future) or in effect (positive reactions during market introduction do not garantee ultimate market success). This means that innovation leaders need to show a special kind of leadership. This leadership must be balanced, people‐focused and must include a high tolerance for ambiguity and paradoxes. They have to be nice and nasty at the same time. In short: innovation leaders should be some kind of controlled schizophrenics. 相似文献
99.
Effect of hydrogen charging on dislocation behavior in Ni-Cr and Ni<Subscript>2</Subscript>Cr alloys
Kaori Miyata 《Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A》2003,34(6):1249-1257
The effects of hydrogen charging on the dislocation behaviour in Ni-Cr binary alloys have been investigated by means of transmission
electron microscope (TEM) observations using single-crystalline specimens. The deformation mode of Ni-Cr alloys in the absence
of hydrogen is characterized by planar dislocations. However, hydrogen charging changed the dislocation configurations to
promote curved dislocations, such as dislocation loops and dipoles. The hydrogen-affected dislocation configurations are enhanced
with increasing Ni content and reducing Cr content. Weak-beam images show that the Shockley partials of the hydrogen-affected
dislocations frequently constrict to make kinks and cross-slip, as if the dislocations were generated by a thermally activated
process. The effect of hydrogen charging on superdislocations of a Ni2Cr superstructure has been also investigated using an aged 70Ni-30Cr alloy. While the deformation mode in the Ni2Cr superlattice is classified as five variants of superdislocation triplets and one variant of ordinary dislocations, the
hydrogen charging has preferred the ordinary dislocations to the superdislocation triplets. The results suggest that the charged
hydrogen changes the local plasticity to affect the deformation dynamics in Ni-Cr alloys, where the influence of hydrogen
on the plasticity is sensitive to the Ni/Cr concentration and the symmetry of atomic arrangement. 相似文献
100.