Close-range blast loading on empty recyclable metal beverage cans for use in sacrificial cladding structure

This article deals with the experimental and numerical blast study on a single empty recyclable metal beverage can. The idea is to make a macro-foam (sacrificial cladding structure) out of these cans to protect the main load bearing members of civil engineering structures from the air blast load. Close-range free air blast tests have been conducted to understand the crushing behaviour and the energy absorption of a single empty beverage can in detail. To conduct such an air blast test a special small-scale test set-up was designed and manufactured. The effect of skin plate surface area and its nature on the blast parameters is studied. Furthermore, the effect of inertia of the skin plate on the crushing performance of the beverage can is evaluated. Tests have been conducted with different plates (made of aluminium and sandwich composite materials) with different masses which represent the skin plate of the proposed sacrificial structure. The measured blast parameters from the experimental tests were compared with ConWep predicted data. Furthermore, the influence of the finite surface area of the skin plate on the clearing of the reflected pressure waves was also studied. The deformation behaviour and the corresponding energy absorption of empty beverage cans were captured. During the experimental blast tests it was observed that a part of the total reflected impulse (∼30%) was lost before it transfers to the non-sacrificial structure. Hence, in order to investigate this phenomenon Eulerian-Lagrangian coupled analyses were conducted using Hydrocodes. The results from these analyses showed that the diffraction and ground reflected pressure wave caused the loss in impulse. The results from the numerical studies have been compared and validated with the experimental results.     

The daylighting dashboard – A simulation-based design analysis for daylit spaces

This paper presents a vision of how state-of-the-art computer-based analysis techniques can be effectively used during the design of daylit spaces. Following a review of recent advances in dynamic daylight computation capabilities, climate-based daylighting metrics, occupant behavior and glare analysis, a fully integrated design analysis method is introduced that simultaneously considers annual daylight availability, visual comfort and energy use: Annual daylight glare probability profiles are combined with an occupant behavior model in order to determine annual shading profiles and visual comfort conditions throughout a space. The shading profiles are then used to calculate daylight autonomy plots, energy loads, operational energy costs and green house gas emissions. The paper then shows how simulation results for a sidelit space can be visually presented to simulation non-experts using the concept of a daylighting dashboard. The paper ends with a discussion of how the daylighting dashboard could be practically implemented using technologies that are available today.     

Energy policy scenarios to reach challenging climate protection targets in the German electricity sector until 2050

In this article we demonstrate how challenging greenhouse gas reduction targets of up to 95% until 2050 can be achieved in the German electricity sector. In the analysis, we focus on the main requirements to reach such challenging targets. To account for interdependencies between the electricity market and the rest of the economy, different models were used to account for feedback loops with all other sectors. We include scenarios with different runtimes and retrofit costs for existing nuclear plants to determine the effects of a prolongation of nuclear power plants in Germany. Key findings for the electricity sector include the importance of a European-wide coordinated electricity grid extension and the exploitation of regional comparative cost effects for renewable sites. Due to political restrictions, nuclear energy will not be available in Germany in 2050. However, the nuclear life-time extension has a positive impact on end consumer electricity prices as well as economic growth in the medium term, if retrofit costs do not exceed certain limits.     

Bubble attachment time and FTIR analysis of water structure in the flotation of sylvite, bischofite and carnallite

Water structure is the most important parameter that influences the flotation of soluble salts. In this paper bubble attachment time measurements and FTIR analyses were performed to investigate the effect of water structure on the flotation behavior of sylvite (KCl), bischofite (MgCl₂·6H₂O) and carnallite (KMgCl₃·6H₂O). The results from bubble attachment time measurements suggest that collector adsorption at the surface of KCl induces flotation with either the cationic collector, ODA, or anionic collector, SDS. In contrast bubble attachment did not occur for bischofite (MgCl₂·6H₂O) or carnallite (KMgCl₃·6H₂O). Results show that the surface charge is not a determining factor in the flotation of soluble salts.Further, the interaction between water molecules and the three chloride salts dissolved in aqueous solution were studied by measuring the shift in the hydrogen-bonding of water molecules. The results indicate that KCl is a structure breaker salt, while MgCl₂·6H₂O and KMgCl₃·6H₂O are structure maker salts.Viscosities for the brines of these three salts were determined. The results give additional evidence of differences in water structure and are in good agreement with the FTIR and bubble attachment results. The findings provide further evidence that water structure plays an important role in the flotation of soluble salts.     

Carbon‐Based Anodes for Lithium Sulfur Full Cells with High Cycle Stability

The lithium sulfur battery system has been studied since the late 1970s and has seen renewed interest in recent years. However, even after three decades of intensive research, prolonged cycling can only be achieved when a large excess of electrolyte and lithium is used. Here, for the first time, a balanced and stable lithium sulfur full cell is demonstrated with silicon–carbon as well as all‐carbon anodes. More than 1000 cycles, a specific capacity up to 1470 mAh g^?1 _sulfur (720 mAh g^?1 _cathode), and a high coulombic efficiency of over 99% even with a low amount of electrolyte are achieved. The alternative anodes do not suffer from electrolyte depletion, which is found to be the main cause of cell failure when using metallic lithium anodes.     

Identifying peer‐to‐peer communities in the network by connection graph analysis

In this paper we present a unified solution to identify peer‐to‐peer (P2P) communities operating in the network. We propose an algorithm that is able to progressively discover nodes cooperating in a P2P network and to identify that P2P network. Starting from a single known node, we can easily identify other nodes in the P2P network, through the analysis of widely available and standardized IPFIX (NetFlow) data. Instead of relying on the analysis of content characteristics or packet properties, we monitor connections of known nodes in the network and then progressively discover other nodes through the analysis of their mutual contacts. We show that our method is able to discover cooperating nodes in many P2P networks and present the real computational requirements of the algorithm on a large network. The use of standardized input data allows for easy deployment onto real networks. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Characterization, weathering, and application of sesquiterpanes to source identification of spilled lighter petroleum products

Biomarkers have become increasingly important for identifying the source of spilled oil, due to their specificity and high resistance to biodegradation. The biomarkers most commonly used in forensic investigations are the high molecular weight (MW) tri- and pentacyclic terpanes and steranes. For lighter petroleum products such as jet fuels and diesels, the refining processes remove most high MW biomarkers from the original crude oil feedstock. The smaller bicyclic sesquiterpanes, however, are concentrated in these products. Sesquiterpanes are ubiquitous components of crude oils and ancient sediments. Examination of GC-MS chromatograms of these bicyclic biomarkers using their characteristic fragment ions (m/z 123, 179, 193, and 207) provides a highly diagnostic means for identifying spilled oil, particularly for lighter refined product samples that are difficult to identify by current techniques. In this work, sesquiterpanes in crude oils and petroleum products are identified and characterized, distributions of sesquiterpanes in oils and refined products are compared, the effects of evaporative weathering on sesquiterpane distributions are examined, and a methodology using diagnostic indices of sesquiterpanes is developed for oil correlation and differentiation. Finally, two case studies are presented to illustrate the unique utility of sesquiterpanes for fingerprinting and identifying unknown diesel spills.