开放源代码与开放性标准之辨

长期以来，技术供应商在使用“开放”一词的同时，也在滥用它。因此，现在轮到技术用户大量使用开放一词，也就不足为奇了。如今，“开放”一词已经和软件源代码、工业标准、开发商社团和各种许可模型等四个完全不同的技术术语联系在一起。而这四个技术术语经常被人们以含糊的方式混为一谈。软件源代码、工业标准、开发商社团和许可模型都在发挥着各自的作用。但重要的是应该了解到，其中每一种技术指的是什么、不是什么。在这四种技术中，开放性标准最为关键，因为你今天做出的选择不应该妨碍你明天做出另外一种选择。这就是开放性标准的全…     

Buffer Sharing in Computer-Communication Network Nodes

This paper discusses a technique of sharing extra storage buffers among a number of nodes (for example concentrators) or among a number of output lines in a single node (for example, in a message switching center). Buffer sharing can be used to reduce the probability that a message is blocked, while at the same time buffer storage cells can be conserved. In addition, buffer sharing reduces sensitivity to variations in traffic. Although the improvement increases as the size and complexity of the buffer sharing system increases, significant improvement is possible even for relatively simple systems. In modeling these systems, a precise model would use data unit storage. However, a simpler model using message storage is easier to analyze. A linear relationship can be used for converting message storage into data unit storage.     

Electrodeposition of Fe−Ni−Co alloys part I: Direct current deposition

Effects of hydrodynamic conditions, current density and solution temperature on the d.c. electrodeposition of Fe–Ni–Co alloys have been investigated with stationary planar and rotating cylindrical electrodes. The deposition rate of Fe showed mass transfer effects at cathodic potentials –1.35 V/sce. Deposition of Ni appeared to be kinetically controlled; deposition of Co appeared to be under kinetic control at potentials –1.35 V/sce but under mixed control at –1.65 V. Current efficiency of the codeposition process increased with increasing current density and decreased with increasing rotation rate. Higher solution temperatures and rotation rates extended the applied current density range where smooth, adherent, and metallic-looking deposits could be obtained. An increase in solution temperatures also decreased anomalous codeposition of Fe–Ni–Co. Calculations based on the Hessami-Tobias model provide qualitative agreement with dependence of experimental electrodeposition on applied current density, hydrodynamics and temperature.     

The Elbe flood in August 2002--occurrence of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) and dioxin-like PCB in suspended particulate matter (SPM), sediment and fish.

As a result of extreme precipitation in August 2002 major flooding occurred in the catchment area of the rivers Elbe, Vltava (Moldau) and Mulde. Pollutants from industrial sites and from municipal sewage treatment works (STW) entered the Elbe and led to a serious pollution problem in the river. PCDD/F concentrations (in pg WHO-TEQ/g dw) in SPM ranged from 7-150, in sediments from 3-140; the "safe sediment value" of 20 was exceeded in 46% of the samples. 24 eels showed a wide concentration variation for these contaminants. The WHO-PCDD/F+PCB-TEQ values lay in the range from 11-56 pg/g ww, whereby the WHO-PCB-TEQ values were several times higher than the WHO-PCDD/F-TEQ values. The maximum permitted value of 4 pg WHO-PCDD/F/g ww (EU Directive No. 2375/2001) was reached or exceeded in 54% of the individuals. A statistical analysis using data from SPM and sediment samples showed that in the Czech river section the flooding activated a contamination source in the vicinity of the Spolana works. The influence of the tributary Mulde could be clearly demonstrated. Only a major clean-up of the contaminated sites in Bitterfeld can lead to a mid to long term improvement in respect of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB input into the Elbe.     

Chemorheology of carboxyl terminated polybutadienes with different antioxidants

An investigation of chemorheological properties has been made on two types of carboxyl terminated polybutadienes (CTPB), HC-434, and Butarez CTL. Curing of CTPB has been done with an imine, MAPO. Films have been cast and cured and then cut into strips. Some of these strips have been extracted with acetone and then two types of antioxidants were added, phenyl-beta-naphthylamine (PBN) and methylenebis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butyl)-phenol (BKF). Continuous stress relaxation measurements and intermittent measurements of stress have been made at a temperature of 110°C. The results show that Butarez CTL seems to have better ageing properties than HC-434 even when the same type of antioxidant has been added to the polymers. The most effective antioxidant of the two tested is BKF, which balances scission reactions and crosslinking reactions in a better way than PBN.     

Effects of agitation on size distribution of particulate matter in large-volume parenterals

The particle-size distributions of six types of large-volume parenterals subjected to different degrees of agitation were determined using an automatic particle counter. Data acquired from each solution, which had been maintained in a stored condition, subjected to agitation by inverting 20 times, and then mechanically shaken for 30 min, produced a linear relationship between log N greater than D and log D. Both the slope (K) and the number of particles per milliliter exceeding 1 micrometer in diameter (N greater than 1) exhibited a dependence on the degree of agitation. Their combined effect indicates that agitation by 20 hand inversions removed particulate matter from the surface of the container, which increased the total number of particles in solution (greater than 1 micrometer) but did not significantly alter the relative size distribution. Agitation for 30 min, however, disintegrated agglomerates and produced a particle-size distribution with a greatly increased number of particles whose diameters were less than 1 micrometer and a corresponding decrease in the number of particles exceeding 1 micrometer in diameter. The particle-size distribution of a parenteral solution determined by this in situ instrumental method was, therefore, dependent upon the degree of agitation to which the parenteral was subjected prior to examination.