A theory of reservation-dwelling American Indian alcohol use risk.

The authors present a theory for understanding risk for problem drinking among reservation-dwelling American Indians. The theory offers an overall framework for understanding the risk process for this group. It considers the distinction between factors that influence mean levels of American Indian problem drinking and factors that influence individual differences in American Indian drinking. It proposes important contextual differences between reservation-dwelling American Indians and Caucasians that may help explain the higher mean levels of American Indian problem drinking. The theory further holds that, within the high mean level of problem drinking characteristic of many American Indian reservations, individual differences in problem drinking can be explained by very similar personality and learning factors as those that influence problem-drinking levels for other ethnic groups. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Outcomes related to burn-related child abuse: a case series

Nationally, approximately 10% of child abuse cases involve burning, and up to 20% of pediatric burn admissions involve abuse or neglect. Historically, these cases have been more difficult to prosecute than nonburn cases for multiple reasons. Between 1995 and 1999, there were 285 pediatric (under 18) patients admitted to the Spectrum Health Regional Burn Center. Of these cases, 18 of the alleged perpetrators were legally investigated for suspicion of child abuse, and 7 received punitive sentences. We found that men tended to be prosecuted and convicted more often than women and that cases involving multiple instances of injury tended to be prosecuted more frequently. Similarly, we found that cases involving more severe injuries tended to be prosecuted more successfully. There are many psychological and social factors involved in handling burn abuse cases. However, by successful prosecution of these crimes, victims tend to fare better both socially and psychologically.     

Intensive filial therapy with child witnesses of domestic violence: A comparison with individual and sibling group play therapy.

The rationale for utilizing filial therapy as a treatment intervention with child witnesses of domestic violence while residing with their mothers in a shelter facility is explored and the effectiveness of an intensive 12-session filial therapy parent training group, conducted within 2-3 weeks, is described (n=11; aged 4-10 yrs). Results of analysis of covariance revealed that child witnesses in the experimental group significantly reduced behavior problems prevalent in child witnesses and significantly increased their self-concept as compared to child witnesses in the non-treatment comparison group. In addition, t-test results showed that mothers who facilitated treatment of the experimental group scored significantly higher after training on both their attitudes of acceptance and their empathic behavior. Comparative analysis revealed that intensive filial therapy as facilitated by the children's mothers was as effective in reducing behavior problems as was intensive individual play therapy and intensive sibling group play therapy as facilitated by professionally trained therapists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Flash-lamp annealing of semiconductor materials—Applications and process models

Flash-lamp annealing (FLA) on a millisecond time scale has been shown to be a promising tool in the preparation of high-quality semiconducting materials. The process imposes time varying through-thickness temperature profiles on the substrates being processed, and consequently thermal stresses. A combined thermal and optical model has been developed to predict the substrate temperature distribution and this model has been linked to a structural model to compute stresses and deflections. The paper shows how these models can be used to explore process conditions in flash lamp annealing, with particular regard to the annealing of ion implants in silicon and the crystallization of amorphous silicon layers on glass substrates.     

五步创造有效的规划

<正> 对一个团队和组织来说,创造一个有效的规划是最具挑战性的任务之一。规划在这里不是指几个简单的句子,而是一种对未来状态的彻底的清晰认识,它包括对价值观、步骤、结构、技术、工作角色和环境的明确认识。但问题是:需要采取什么样的步骤才能为自己的组织创造一个有效和可行的规划呢?本文介绍的模块提供了一些基本的步骤,它们能大大提高创造一个有效的规划的可能性。     

Mixing Center of a Channel

For longitudinally uniform stretches of waterways there is a mixing center for the across-channel location of a steady point source in steady flow, such that complete mixing is achieved as soon as possible and there is no concentration overshoot at either of the two shorelines. A mathematical definition of the mixing center is the zero of the first oscillatory cross-channel diffusion mode. With the shorelines plus four interior data points across the channel, the starting estimate for the mixing center suffices to keep peak shoreline concentrations to within 6% of optimal. For comparison, a source at mid flow gives 18% shoreline concentration overshoot in the test case. Should very high precision be required, the Appendix gives an iterative construction that converges to the first oscillatory diffusion mode.     

Effect of thermal treatment on ZnO substrate for epitaxial growth

ZnO is a highly efficient photon emitter, and has optical and piezoelectric properties that are attractive for a variety of applications in sensors and potentially optoelectronic devices such as emitters. Due to its identical stacking order and close lattice match to GaN, it is also being developed as a substrate material for GaN epitaxy. However, the surface finish of the ZnO is such that much of the damage induced by sawing and follow up mechanical polishing remains. We developed a thermal treatment method to eliminate surface damage on the 0 face of ZnO (0 0 0 1) to prepare it for epitaxial growth. Atomic force microscopy images of ZnO (0 0 0 1) annealed at 1050 °C for 3 h etc. show that residual scratches from mechanical polishing are removed and atomically flat, terrace-like surfaces are attained. In addition, low-temperature photoluminescence and high-resolution X-ray diffraction measurements have been employed to investigate the effect of annealing on ZnO substrates.