Deterministic global optimization approach to steady-state distribution gas pipeline networks

Natural gas is normally transported through a vast network of pipelines. A pipeline network is generally established either to transmit gas at high pressure from coastal supplies to regional demand points (transmission network) or to distribute gas to consumers at low pressure from the regional demand points (distribution network). In this study, the distribution network is considered. The distribution network differs from the transmission one in a number of ways. Pipes involved in a distribution network are often much smaller and the network is simpler, having no valves, compressors or nozzles. In this paper, we propose the problem of minimizing the cost of pipelines incurred by driving the gas in a distribute non-linear network under steady-state assumptions. In particular, the decision variables include the length of the pipes’ diameter, pressure drops at each node of the network, and mass flow rate at each pipeline leg. We establish a mathematical optimization model of this problem, and then present a global approach, which is based on the GOP primal-relaxed dual decomposition method presented by Visweswaran and Floudas (Global optimization in engineering design. Kluwer book series in nonconvex optimization and its applications. Kluwer, Netherlands, 1996), to the optimization model. Finally, results from application of the approach to data from gas company are presented.     

A 1.2-V 0.25-/spl mu/m clock output pixel architecture with wide dynamic range and self-offset cancellation

A 10T/pixel CMOS digital pixel sensor with clock count output, ultra low supply voltage, and wide dynamic range is presented. The pixel fabricated by a standard 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS logic process comprises a reset transistor, a photo-diode, a comparator, and an inverter with pixel size of 9.4/spl times/9.4 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and 24% fill factor. The amplified logarithmic output response similar to the light response of human eye is demonstrated in this work. The pixel can operate at a supply voltage as low as 1.2 V without affecting its output characteristics. The dynamic range of this cell limited by either the subsequent analog-to-digital circuit resolution or the rising and falling time of output clock is higher than 90 dB with an 8-bit resolution.     

基于贝叶斯方法无损识别20钢高温时效状态

以 2 0钢高温时效组织形态为研究对象 ,依据贝叶斯判别原则 ,通过评价超声回波信号特征参数 ,建立样品分类识别判据 ,以待测样品的特征信息验证判据的可靠性 ,有效识别率不低于90 %。     

A Novel Scatternet Scheme with IPv6 Compatibility

Some market analysts predict that there will be some 1.4 billion Bluetooth devices in operation by the year 2005 [8]. However, the current specification1.1 does not describe the algorithms or mechanisms to create a scatternet due to a variety of unsolved issues [3,12]. Since the upper layers are not defined in Bluetooth, it is not possible to implement the scatternet in current specification. Hence in this research, we need make some modifications to Bluetooth protocol in order to support the transmissions of packets in the scatternet. In this paper we describe a novel scatternet architecture, and present link performance of the proposed architecture. The issues of the routing algorithm, handoffs, and communications with other networks are also discussed.     

Research and experimental analysis of drill string dynamics characteristics and stick-slip reduction mechanism

Stick-slip of the drill string, as one of the critical factors affecting drilling efficiency, has always been a hot topic for experts and scholars in related fields. Serious stick-slip vibration affects the well construction efficiency, drilling cost and even lead to a downhole accident. Therefore, based on the current research, this paper takes a new type of composite vibration tool as the research object, studies the working mechanism of the tool and analyzes the effect of stick-slip reduction. After establishing the multi-degree-of-freedom torsional dynamics model, we obtained the results of torsional vibration dynamics by cases analysis based on working conditions and related mechanical parameters. In addition, the results of the examples, compared with the field experimental data, verify that the vibration shock generated by the new composite tool can effectively reduce the torque fluctuation range of the system, avoid the occurrence of stick-slip phenomenon, improve the ROP (rate of penetration), and make drilling process more stable. This paper can provide reference for the optimization and development of stick-slip technology in drilling engineering, and the theoretical methods can also be developed to study the dynamics of drill string.     

如何当好一名工程总监

作者根据现阶段工程监理的现状和困难，认为作一名总监如何在如此特殊的社会环境下发挥自己的作用，要做到以下三点：即一是给业主“把脉”，了解建设意图；二是给施工方“把脉”，设定监理工作侧重点；三是合理分工，明确职责，组建“学习型”项目部。     

对空间非物质性的探讨

一个年轻的建筑设计事务所（墨臣）通过营建自己位于老城区的工作室，探讨了在当代现有社会技术条件下，通过空间营造传递东方文化精神和传统建筑气质的可能性。