一个好的设计是怎样的?

人都会认为好用、好看且经济的设计是完美的.从根本上来说,设计是服务于人们的需要而产生的:当物质的基本需要被满足后,人们的精神需要就随之而来:因此,商品和设计之间有着分不开的结合点.很多人都会选择有吸引力的商品.当然从第一眼开始.这样,设计的概念渐渐进八人们的生活.100多年以前,艺术家们承担了美学的责任,设计与装饰几乎成为同义词:从推崇现代主义的设计师们将功能取代装饰之后.经过多少风格和流派的演变及争论,功能和美观成为必不可少的两个部分,而当代的大部分设计也在不断地重复这样的过程.     

Application of micro-porous polycarbonate membranes in dye-sensitized solar cells: Cell performance and long-term stability

This research investigates the cell performance and long-term stability of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) containing micro-porous polycarbonate (PC) film as the frame work material to stabilize the electrolyte solution. The track-etched PC film has cylindrical pore geometry, which is beneficial for ion transport in the electrolyte trapped inside the PC film. The photovoltaic efficiency of the DSSC with 0.2-μm PC membrane is 5.75 ± 0.73% under irradiation of 100 mW cm⁻², which is slightly lower than that (6.34 ± 0.44%) of cells without PC film. The differences in fill factor and open-circuit voltage between the DSSCs with and without PC film are not statistically significant. The long-term cell performance is carried out at continuous illumination of 100 mW cm⁻² (1 sun) and in darkness at 60 °C for up to 1000 h. There is no significant efficiency difference between the cells with and without PC film in light soaking (4.33% vs. 4.52%) for 960 h. In darkness, however, the cells with PC film demonstrate much higher efficiency (at 2.37%) than cells without PC (0.85%) after 1000 h. The improved long-term efficiency data and the higher percentage of working cells confirm the superior lifetime and performance using the micro-porous PC film.     

A novel organic/inorganic polymer membrane based on poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid/3-glycidyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane polymer electrolyte membrane for direct methanol fuel cells

Poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid (PAMPS)/3-glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (PVA/PAMPS/GPTMS) organic/inorganic proton-conducting polymer membranes are prepared by a solution casting method. PAMPS is a polymeric acid commonly used as a primary proton donor, while 3-(glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GPTMS) is an inorganic precursor forming a semi-interpenetrating network (SIPN). Varying amounts of sulfosuccinic acid (SSA) are used as the cross-linker and secondary proton source. The characteristic properties of PVA/PAMPS/GPTMS composite membranes are investigated by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), micro-Raman spectroscopy and the AC impedance method. Direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) made of PVA/PAMPS/GPTMS composite membranes are assembled and examined. Experimental results indicate that DMFCs employing an inexpensive, non-perfluorinated, organic/inorganic SIPN membrane achieve good electrochemical performance. The highest peak power density of a DMFC using PVA/PAMPS/GPTMS composite membrane with 2 M CH₃OH solution fuel at ambient temperature is 23.63 mW cm⁻². The proposed organic/inorganic proton-conducting membrane based on PVA/PAMPS/GPTMS appears to be a viable candidate for future DMFC applications.     

论道哈尔滨

有的时候室内设计师也没有办法啊,他们要顾及到各种外在压力,还有业主的要求??这就不对了,一个失败的设计出现,设计师是不能推卸责任的,要顾及的因素固然多,但你是设计师,为了成就一件好的设计,你有责任去引导和说服业主。如果你做不到这点,那是你的能力有限??这段对话发生在路上,车内,一个媒体人和一个设计师之间。如果你认为前者是设计师,那你就错了。这个设计师说:你可以不选择做设计师,但如果你选择了这个职业,就要遵守它的职业道德。他的观点虽然很犀利,但不无道理。     

A comparison of child abuse and child neglect.

Compared data from the child welfare and the hospital files for each of 422 children identified from a hospital list as abused. The children fell into 4 categories: 62 (mean age 2.1 yrs) who were neglected, 243 (mean age 5.2 yrs) who were abused, 83 who were abused and neglected, and 34 for whom evidence of abuse or neglect was not established. Significant differences were found between the families who abused their children and those who neglected them, including differences in maternal age and socioeconomic status (SES). Abuse was more prevalent in children who had been previously separated from their parents, while children of teenaged mothers were most likely to be neglected. Data relating to the difficulties in decision making support the notion that interdisciplinary community teams might have much to offer in the development of more stringent guides for determining the nature of mistreatment and the probability of further risk to the child. (French abstract) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Effects of varying stimulus size on object recognition in pigeons.

The authors investigated the pigeon's ability to generalize object discrimination performance to smaller and larger versions of trained objects. In Experiment 1, they taught pigeons with line drawings of multipart objects and later tested the birds with both larger and smaller drawings. The pigeons exhibited significant generalization to new sizes, although they did show systematic performance decrements as the new size deviated from the original. In Experiment 2, the authors tested both linear and exponential size changes of computer-rendered basic shapes to determine which size transformation produced equivalent performance for size increases and decreases. Performance was more consistent with logarithmic than with linear scaling of size. This finding was supported in Experiment 3. Overall, the experiments suggest that the pigeon encodes size as a feature of objects and that the representation of size is most likely logarithmic. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Regulating Death and Disease: Exploring the Roles of Metacaspases in Plants and Fungi

Identified over twenty years ago and distantly related to animal caspases are a group of cysteine proteases known as metacaspases. Throughout the years, much like caspase roles in metazoans, metacaspases have been shown to be involved in regulating cellular death in non-metazoan organisms. Yet, continued research on metacaspases describes these proteins as intricate and multifunctional, displaying striking diversity on distinct biological functions. In this review, we intend to describe the recent advances in our understanding of the divergence of metacaspase functionality in plants and fungi. We will dissect the duality of metacaspase activity in the context of plant-pathogen interactions, providing a unique lens from which to characterize metacaspases in the development, immunity, and stress responses of plants, and the development and virulence of fungi. Furthermore, we explore the evolutionary trajectory of fungal metacaspases to delineate their structure and function. Bridging the gap between metacaspase roles in immunity and pathogenicity of plant-pathogen interactions can enable more effective and targeted phytopathogen control efforts to increase production of globally important food crops. Therefore, the exploitation and manipulation of metacaspases in plants or fungi represent new potential avenues for developing mitigation strategies against plant pathogens.     

Quantification of ground vibration differences from well-confined single-hole explosions with variable velocity of detonation

An explosion experiment was conducted in the Barre granite of central Vermont during July 2008 using five explosions and three different types of explosives with a wide range of velocities of detonation. Black powder, heavy ANFO, and Composition B were used to generate increasing amounts of borehole pressure and different types of rock damage. The velocity of detonation was found to affect the peak particle velocities (PPV). ANFO produced the largest PPV, while the Composition B PPVs were slightly lower. Black powder produced much lower PPV, likely due to it deflagrating rather than truly detonating. An equation was fit to the data for predicting the PPV from a confined blast in the Barre granite using two methods, including true vector summation. Vector summation provides a more accurate measure of particle velocity. We found the frequency of the PPV decreases with increasing distance from the blast, and therefore extra care must be taken for large blasts where lower frequency energy may exceed vibration limits at greater distances.     

High-resolution determination of soft tissue deformations using MRI and first-order texture correlation

Mechanical factors such as deformation and strain are thought to play important roles in the maintenance, repair, and degeneration of soft tissues. Determination of soft tissue static deformation has traditionally only been possible at a tissue's surface, utilizing external markers or instrumentation. Texture correlation is a displacement field measurement technique which relies on unique image patterns within a pair of digital images to track displacement. The technique has recently been applied to MR images, indicating the possibility of high-resolution displacement and strain field determination within the mid-substance of soft tissues. However, the utility of MR texture correlation analysis may vary amongst tissue types depending on their underlying structure, composition, and contrast mechanism, which give rise to variations in texture with MRI. In this study, we investigate the utility of a texture correlation algorithm with first-order displacement mapping terms for use with MR images, and suggest a novel index of image "roughness" as a way to decrease errors associated with the use of texture correlation for intra-tissue strain measurement with MRI. We find that a first-order algorithm can significantly reduce strain measurement error, and that an image "roughness" index correlates with displacement measurement error for a variety of imaging conditions and tissue types.     

360° reconstruction of a 3D object using cylindrical computer generated holography

Simulated reconstruction of a three-dimensional (3D) object in 360° from cylindrical hologram is proposed. The simulation is done using a fast calculation method, where wave propagation in spectral domain and in cylindrical coordinates is used to generate the cylindrical hologram of a 3D object. The same procedure is followed to reconstruct the object back. The reconstructions resembled the original object and could be seen from all 360°. The whole simulation process is done using open-source software.