3D Printing of Freestanding MXene Architectures for Current‐Collector‐Free Supercapacitors

Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies appear as a paradigm for scalable manufacture of electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices, where complex 3D architectures are typically required but are hard to achieve using conventional techniques. The combination of these technologies and innovative material formulations that maximize surface area accessibility and ion transport within electrodes while minimizing space are of growing interest. Herein, aqueous inks composed of atomically thin (1–3 nm) 2D Ti₃C₂T_x with large lateral size of about 8 µm possessing ideal viscoelastic properties are formulated for extrusion‐based 3D printing of freestanding, high specific surface area architectures to determine the viability of manufacturing energy storage devices. The 3D‐printed device achieves a high areal capacitance of 2.1 F cm^?2 at 1.7 mA cm^?2 and a gravimetric capacitance of 242.5 F g^?1 at 0.2 A g^?1 with a retention of above 90% capacitance for 10 000 cycles. It also exhibits a high energy density of 0.0244 mWh cm^?2 and a power density of 0.64 mW cm^?2 at 4.3 mA cm^?2. It is anticipated that the sustainable printing and design approach developed in this work can be applied to fabricate high‐performance bespoke multiscale and multidimensional architectures of functional and structural materials for integrated devices in various applications.     

Polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites using a cointercalation organophilic clay via melt compounding

Polyamide 6/clay nanocomposites (PA6CN) were prepared via the melt compounding method by using a new kind of organophilic clay, which was obtained through cointercalation of epoxy resin and quaternary ammonium into Na‐montmorillonite. The dispersion effect of this kind of organophilic clay in the matrix was studied by means of X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM); the silicate layers were dispersed homogeneously and nearly exfoliated in the matrix. This was probably the result of the strong interaction between epoxy groups and amide end groups of PA6. The mechanical properties and heat distortion temperature (HDT) of PA6CN increased dramatically. The notched Izod impact strength of PA6CN was 80% higher than that of PA6 when the clay loading was 5 wt %. Even at 10 wt % clay content, the impact strength was still higher than that of PA6. The finely dispersed silicate layers and the strong interaction between silicate layers and matrix decreased the water absorption. At 10 wt % clay content, PA6CN only absorbs half the amount of water compared with PA6. The dynamic mechanical properties of PA6CN were also studied. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 953–958, 2003     

乙醇催化重整产氢催化剂及催化反应机制

以乙醇为原料催化乙醇重整反应产氢由于具有效率高、毒性低以及乙醇可持续性生产等优点，被认为是一种极具工业化应用前景的制氢方法，但现存的乙醇重整反应催化剂存在催化效率和产氢选择性低、稳定性差等缺点，阻碍了乙醇重整制氢技术的广泛应用。本文主要综述了乙醇重整制氢金属催化剂的研究进展，着重阐述了金属元素种类、催化剂载体、反应温度和原料水醇比等对乙醇转化率和产物选择性的影响，归纳分析了乙醇重整过程中催化剂稳定性的影响因素和提高催化剂稳定性的方法和措施，并对乙醇重整制氢反应机制的研究工作进行了总结。基于乙醇重整产氢催化剂的研究现状，提出开发高效稳定催化剂的关键在于系统研究催化乙醇重整反应机制以及催化反应过程中催化剂与载体的协同效应对催化剂性能的影响。     

DETERMINATION,CORRELATION AND PREDICTION OF LIQUID-LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM DATA OF n-BUTYL ALCOHOL-WATER-BUTYL ACETATE TERNARY SYSTEM

Liquid-liquid equilibrium(LLE)data have been determined for the n-butyl alcohol-water-butyl acetateternary system and the related binary systems at 293.15,303.15 and 313.15 K.The experimentally determinedLLE data for the n-butyl alcohol-water binary system have been found to be in satisfactory agreementwith the available literature data.The correlation and prediction of the LLE data have been done byusing NRTL and UNIQUAC models.The model parameters of binary systems have been identified witha thermodynamic criterion.In the correlation of ternary LLE data,two objective functions(mole fractionand distribution constant)have been used for purpose of comparison.The effect of weighting in the firstobjective function has been examined.In predicting the ternary LLE with different sets of parameter valuesobtained for each of the constitutent binary systems,improved prediction results have been obtained bycomparing the results of different combinations of the sets of parameter values and choosing those givingthe best result.     

Effects of microstructure on the oxidation behavior of A3 matrix-grade graphite

The oxidation behavior of matrix-grade graphite in air- or steam-ingress accident scenarios is of great interest for high-temperature gas reactors (HTGRs). In this study, the microstructures of two variants of matrix-grade graphite based on the German A3-3 and A3-27 formulations were characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy, and correlated to oxidation behavior observed through thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Through TEM imaging and selected area electron diffraction (SAED), a higher volume fraction of partially graphitized carbon was identified in the A3-3 type graphite than in the A3-27 type. This structure is believed to have contributed to the accelerated oxidation exhibited by A3-3 in the chemical reaction-controlled oxidation regime.     

Improved processability of PA66-polyimide copolymers with different polyimide contents

Limitations in the properties of polyamide PA66, such as low glass transition temperature and high water absorptivity, limit its applications. Introduction of amorphous polyimide segments into the PA66 main chain lowers the glass transition temperature and melting temperature and also improves its processability. PA66-polyimide (PA-PI) copolymers with different weight ratios of PI are prepared by high temperature and high-pressure solution polymerization. The degree of crystallization of PA-PI copolymers decreases with increasing PI content. The melting point decreases from 261°C for PA66 to 223°C for PA-PI-4. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the T_g increases from 70 to 90°C, and the storage modulus can be well maintained. Rheological studies show that the temperature for processing can reach 70°C. Copolymers with different PI contents show different processing viscosities. In addition, water absorptivity (about 1.8%) and dielectric constant values of PA-PI and PA6/6T are similar.     

Fatigue crack propagation behavior of polyether ether ketone under biaxial loading

Polyether ether ketone (PEEK) has become a promising material in total joint replacement. However, it still faces the risk of fatigue fracture during service. In this paper, the effects of biaxial stress ratio λ, cyclic stress ratio R, and load phase difference θ on fatigue crack propagation (FCG) behavior of PEEK are investigated. In the case of vertical cracks, results show that the FCG rate of PEEK increases with the R value, while decreases with the increase of λ value. Furthermore, the effective stress intensity factor range ΔK_eff can uniformly describe the biaxial FCG behavior at different cyclic stress ratios. In the case of 45° slant cracks, compared with mode-I intensity factor range ΔK_I, the energy release rate range ΔG is more accurate for describing the FCG behavior under various load phase differences. In addition, the investigation on the 45° crack propagation path shows that a bifurcated Y-shaped crack appears under 180° load phase difference, while no bifurcated crack appears under 90° load phase difference and uniaxial loading. Three different methods are used to predict the crack propagation path. The comparison results show that the maximum circumferential stress (MTS) criterion can well predict the crack propagation path under out-of-phase biaxial loading and uniaxial loading.     

基于分数阶阻抗模型的磷酸铁锂电池荷电状态估计

锂电池荷电状态(SOC)估计是电池管理系统中不可或缺的重要组成部分。锂电池传统整数阶等效电路模型未充分考虑其内部电化学反应现象,故将导致SOC估计结果偏离真实状态。文中以磷酸铁锂电池单体为研究对象,提出一种基于分数阶阻抗模型的锂电池SOC估计方法。该方法利用分数阶元件表征锂电池内部固液界面的输运现象和极化效应,基于分数阶微分理论建立状态转移方程和系统量测方程,并针对锂电池高度非线性的工作特性,利用无迹变换逼近原始状态分布,运用分数阶无迹卡尔曼滤波算法估计锂电池SOC。实验结果表明,分数阶阻抗模型能准确描述锂电池工作特性,所提算法在估计精度和跟踪速度上有一定提高。     

超过冷条件下Fe_(83)B_(17)共晶合金的凝固行为及显微组织演化

采用深过冷技术研究了块体Fe_(83)B_(17)共晶合金在超过冷度条件下的凝固行为.该合金的组织演化规律为:当过冷度达到理论临界超过冷度(300K)时,组织为α-Fe相和Fe_2B相组成的共晶组织;当过冷度大于临界值达到386K时,组织粗化,为完全的非规则共晶,稳定相Fe_2B消失,亚稳相Fe_3B出现并且在室温下也不会分解;获得了460K的超过冷度以及亚稳相组织.并讨论了这些结果产生的原因.     

空间光学仪器光、机、热一体化总体设计

论述了一种在光学仪器总体设计过程中,从系统工程的观点出发,全面考虑光学系统、机械结构与外部热环境间的关系,利用CAD/CAE的技术手段,在进行光学设计和机械结构设计的同时进行热设计,以达到空间光学仪器系统总体设计参数优化的新思想.并以某空间相机的设计为例,介绍了这种方法在实际工程中的应用.