Consumer‐diet discrimination of δ13C and δ15N: Source‐ and feeding‐oriented patterns based on gut content analysis in a large subtropical river of China

Understanding the trophic discrimination (?¹³C and ?¹⁵N) between consumers and diets in fluvial systems remains difficult because of the variable food sources and complex predator–prey interactions from headwaters to the estuaries. Here, stable carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N) isotopes in fish and invertebrates from a large subtropical river in southern China were determined to explore trophic discrimination in conjunction with a gut content analysis. The ?¹³C values showed significant differences (p < .05) among functional feeding groups, with fish, shrimp, and insect scrapers presenting higher ?¹³C values (1.20 ± 0.23‰ to 1.51 ± 0.31‰) than other groups. The ?¹⁵N values varied significantly between invertebrates (0.64 ± 0.17‰ of insect collector‐gatherers to 1.63 ± 0.36‰ of shrimp predators) and fish (1.98 ± 0.19‰ of detritivores to 2.71 ± 0.43‰ of crustaceavores) and exhibited an increasing tendency from primary to secondary consumers. A linear regression analysis revealed that the longitudinal changes in ?¹³C and ?¹⁵N were closely associated with the δ¹³C of periphyton, the δ¹⁵N of particulate organic matter (POM) in water, and the relative contribution (%) of periphyton and organic detritus to the diet composition of consumers. These results indicated that discrimination factors might not only be influenced by the isotope signatures of basal food sources but also downstream shifts in dominant food items utilized by consumers. In particular, trophic discrimination between periphyton– and detritus–based food chains, such as “epilithic diatoms–shrimp scrapers–crustaceavorous fish” and “POM–bivalves–molluscivorous fish,” displayed regionally specific patterns. When back‐calculating to the diet assimilation and trophic position in subtropical streams and rivers, we suggest using the basin‐scale ?¹³C value of 0.96 ± 0.26‰ for all consumers and ?¹⁵N values of 1.07 ± 0.32‰ for invertebrates and 2.38 ± 0.37‰ for fish.     

基于二维浅水方程的城市地面洪水演进数值模拟研究

探究城市内涝灾害数值预报对城市的防洪减灾及灾害评估具有重要意义。基于三角形非结构网格,采用Godunov型有限体积法建立了一个高精度的二维浅水水动力数值模型。该模型使用Roe格式计算界面通量,可以较好地捕捉洪水的动边界运动,模型将静水压力项放入源项中,减少了由于地形底坡项带来的数值解伪震荡。该模型对动边界以及负水深处理技术进行了改进,能够有效提高模型模拟的精确度和静水和谐性。在应用3个算例对模型进行率定的基础上,将模型应用于浑河、太子河之间浑太胡同区域的地表洪水演进的模拟中。结果表明:浑太胡同内洪水演进的水深、流场变化均较为合理,组合溃堤各水深淹没面积均为最大,模拟结果很好地验证了城市区域雨洪的流动演变过程,证明该模型可以用于复杂地形的城市由降水形成的暴雨积水及地表洪水演进模拟过程,模型可快速为城市防汛减灾提供积水情况及涝情信息。     

培养面向新形势的保密人才队伍

保密人才队伍建设工作是做好保密工作的一项重要基础性工作.培养面向新形势的保密人才队伍,是现阶段保密工作科学发展的客观要求.本文总结了保密人才队伍培养的意义和工作原则,分析了分类培养方式,对当前存在问题及相关对策进行了积极探讨,以期为保密人才队伍培养工作提供借鉴和参考.     

带硬时间窗的共同配送车辆调度问题研究

针对带硬时间窗的共同配送车辆调度问题,提出Sweep算法和PMX算子相结合的遗传算法。以长株潭城市群生鲜食品共同配送中心区域内的配送数据作为实验对象,采用组合遗传算法进行分析,在客户要求的时间范围内,合理安排车辆的行驶路线,使共同配送总费用最低。最后,将本算法与启发式算法、遗传算法进行比较,分析结果表明,本算法得到的共同配送车辆调度方案更优。     

Ferroelectric materials for vibrational energy harvesting

Energy harvesting is an appealing technology that makes use of the ambient energy which is otherwise wasted. Piezoelectric materials directly convert the elastic energy to the electric energy, and thus have a great advantage in scavenging vibrational energy for simplicity in device structure with relatively high power density. This paper provides an overview on the research of piezoelectric materials in energy harvesting in recent decades, from basics of piezoelectricity and working principle of energy harvesting with piezoelectric materials, to the progress of development of high-performance piezoelectrics including ceramics, single crystals and polymers, then to experimental attempts on the device fabrication and optimization, finally to perspective applications of piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH). The criteria for selection of materials for PEH applications are introduced. Not only the figure of merit but also maximum allowable stress of materials are taken into account in the evaluation of their potential in achieving high energy density and output power density. The influence of the device configuration on the performance is also acknowledged and discussed. The magnitude and distribution of induced stress in the piezoelectric unit upon excitation by the vibration source play an important role in determining the output power density and can be tuned via proper design of device configuration without changing its resonant frequency. Approaches to address the issue of frequency match accompanying with the resonant mode are illustrated with literature examples. Usage of PEH devices can be extended to a variety of vibration sources in everyday life as well as in nature. Some appealing applications of PEH, such as in implantable and wearable devices, are reviewed.     

Development of an ultrahard nanotwinned cBN micro tool for cutting hardened steel

Binderless nanotwinned cubic boron nitride (nt-cBN) synthesized from onion-structured BN precursors under high pressure and high temperature shows a very fine microstructure consisting of densely lamellar nanotwins (average thickness of 4 nm) within nanograins. The unique nanotwinned microstructure offers high hardness, wear resistance, fracture toughness, and thermal stability which are essential for advanced cBN tool materials. Thus, a circular micro tool of nt-cBN was fabricated using femtosecond laser contour machining followed by focused ion beam precision milling. Thereafter turning tests were performed on hardened steel using the studied micro tool. To evaluate the cutting performance, the machined surface quality and subsurface damage of the hardened steel were characterized. The wear mechanism of the nt-cBN micro tool was also investigated. It is found that the fabricated nt-cBN micro tool can generate high quality surface with surface roughness less than 7 nm and nanograin subsurface of about 500 nm deep. In addition, abrasive wear is found to be the dominant wear mechanism of the nt-cBN micro tool in turning hardened steel. These results indicate that nt-cBN has outstanding potential for ultra-precision cutting hardened steel.     

氨基糖苷类抗生素混合物对蛋白核小球藻的时间依赖性毒性

越来越多的研究表明,污染物在不同暴露时间具有不同的毒性变化规律。以4种氨基糖苷类抗生素,硫酸安普霉素(APR)、双氢链霉素(DIH)、硫酸新霉素(NEO)和硫酸链霉素(STS)为混合物组分,应用直接均分射线法和均匀射线法对4类抗生素设计出6组二元混合体系和4组三元混合体系,每个混合物体系设计5条射线共50条射线,采用时间毒性微板分析法(T-MAT)测定这些抗生素混合物射线在6个暴露时间点(即0、12、24、48、72和96 h)对蛋白核小球藻(C.pyrenoidosa)的生长抑制毒性。结果表明,抗生素二元和三元混合物系的50条射线对C.pyrenoidosa毒性均具有明显的时间依赖性,即混合物射线的毒性随着暴露时间的延长而增强;以半数效应浓度(EC50)的负对数p EC50为毒性指标,不同混合物体系的时间毒性变化规律不同,有的混合物从0 h开始,毒性随时间延长逐渐增强,有的从12 h或24h,甚至48 h后,毒性开始迅速增加;同一混合物体系中不同射线的毒性因组分浓度比的变化而变化,即混合物射线的毒性随毒性大的组分比例增加而增强。     

从软件的角度看“慕课”

慕课作为一种基于浏览器使用的大规模开放在线课程,本质上是通过软件的设计完成了授课、考评、学位授予等一系列传统课堂教育所承担的教学任务。慕课是开放教育资源的一种形式,从某种意义上讲,是互联网所兴起的开放知识、开源、自由共享的风潮在教育领域的体现。本文由慕课软件与开源软件的对比出发,分析了现有慕课平台在软件设计、教育模式、用户习惯等方面的不足,进而结合我国实际情况和需要,提出研制慕课一类网络教学模式和软件的必要性及慕课在我国推广的可能方式,为我国开展适合国情的慕课平台研究、开发与实践提出了参考性意见。     

甘肃河西地区地方小吃英文译名辨析——以张掖地方小吃为例

地方小吃名称翻译的好坏不仅关系着小吃的对外推介,而且还影响着旅游城市的文化形象。然而,地处"丝绸之路"河西走廊段的千年古城张掖,其九大地方小吃名称的翻译却差强人意。结合张掖九大地方小吃命名特点,在目的论的指导下,对现有译名进行分析评判,并尝试给出参考性译名,以期引起相关部门重视,从而完善和规范小吃名称的翻译。     

梭式窑富氧燃烧的数值模拟研究

采用Fluent软件对日用陶瓷梭式窑的富氧燃烧技术改造进行数值模拟计算。研究不同富氧浓度对于梭式窑温度场及制品温度带来的影响及规律。结果表明,随着氧气浓度的增加,梭式窑内火焰最高温度逐渐增加,窑内温度的均匀性变好,但在不改变喷枪口径的情况下,窑内陶瓷制品的温度变化不显著。为了提高陶瓷制品的烧成温度,应对窑内喷枪进行改造,减小喷枪口径,增大燃气与富氧喷入速度可提高对流换热作用,进而提高陶瓷制品温度。增加棚板层的层间高度可使更多的热气流从陶瓷制品上方进入到制品区域内部进行对流换热,减小陶瓷制品区域温差。