Analysis of cloud type and cloud amount during GATE from SMS infrared data

Earth-located and edited infrared data from the Synchronous Meteorological Satellite-1 were used to analyze cloud amount and cloud type. A two-threshold weighted histogram model was developed for analysis of cloud amount. Five different cloud-type classes were identified from use of a maximum-likelihood classifier, in which the covariance matrix for each cloud-type class was approximated by the pooled within-groups dispersion matrix. The analysis techniques were developed and tested using satellite and ship data from three days during Phase 3 of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE). Cloud observations from GATE ships within the A/B scale area were compared with the processed SMS-1 IR data. The cloud coverage derived from the IR data was in very good agreement with cloud amounts obtained from 599 daytime GATE ship observations. The results obtained with the cloud classification technique reflect known limitations of satellite data in specifying cloud systems, and also are limited by problems inherent in the derivation of cloud information from standard meteorological surface observations.     

Pattern-recognition properties of r.a.m./r.o.m. arrays

Arrays of r.a.m.s may be used as trainable logic devices in arrays whose object is to recognise patterns. The way in which such a system is organised is presented and some of the characteristics of the nature of the recognition are discussed     

Attraction of nematodes to metabolites of yeasts and fungi

The free-living nematodesPanagrellus redivivus andRhabditis oxycerca are strongly attracted to methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and amyl acetate, to ethyl, propyl, and amyl formate and to ethyl propionate, but all the respective alcohols and acids are without effect. No loss of attraction is observed when the attractants are combined with lethal concentrations of the commercial nematicide sodium methyl dithiocarbamate.     

Behavioral control of exercise in sedentary adults: Studies 1 through 6.

Conducted 6 experiments with 143 healthy sedentary adults who had been unsuccessful in starting or maintaining an exercise regimen to identify behavioral and cognitive procedures that would enhance Ss' adherence to a 3 day/wk exercise (walking/jogging) program. Procedures evaluated included feedback and praise during exercise, various goal-setting strategies, lottery reinforcement, cognitive strategies during the exercise, and relapse-prevention training. Class attendance, exercise program adherence, and fitness data were collected, and self-reported 3-mo follow-up data were also obtained. Results suggest the importance of social support, feedback, and praise during exercise; flexibility in exercise-goal setting; and distraction-based cognitive strategies. Findings are integrated and discussed in terms of the importance and difficulties of shaping and maintaining exercise behaviors. (58 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Studies of the deposition of cadmium on foreign substrates

Cadmium deposition on nickel, lead, silver, gold and copper has been studied by the potential sweep and potentiostatic method with a simultaneous observation of the surface by optical microscopy. It was found that the substrates could be divided into two groups—those at which there is no significant underpotential deposition of cadmium and those at which the latter does take place. In the former case non-epitaxial growth predominates, once some nucleation overpotential (of about 16 mV) is overcome; the potential sweep diagrams are characterized by a loop exhibiting an inductive nature. Two maxima on the anodic branch of the voltammogram could be ascribed to the dissolution of non-epitaxial and epitaxial deposits. Microscopic observations confirmed those conclusions. Well developed granular deposits have been obtained with grains increasing size while remaining constant in number.     

Structural effects in electrocatalysis: oxidation of formaldehyde on gold and platinum single crystal electrodes in alkaline solution

The oxidation of formaldehyde in sodium hydroxide solution has been studied on platinum and gold single crystal electrodes with the (111), (110) and (100) orientations. There is apparently no structural sensitivity of this reaction, since minor differences have been found between the three low index faces. This is valid for both platinum and gold electrodes. The hydrogen adsorption on platinum and the AuOH formation on gold electrodes exhibit structural sensitivity in the same solution. Similar activity of platinum and gold electrodes is noteworthy. A weak adsorption of gem-diol, formed in the interaction of formaldehyde with H₂O or OH^? appears as the origin of the structural insensitivity of this reaction.