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51.
A Hagenbj?rk-Gustafsson B Forsberg G Hestvik D Karlsson S Wahlberg T Sandstr?m 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,121(9):1261-1264
The Willems badge, a short-term diffusion sampler, was used to measure nitrogen dioxide concentrations inside and outside the homes of participants in the European study "PEACE' (Pollution Effects on Asthmatic Children in Europe). The main aim of the study was to determine levels of nitrogen dioxide concentrations both outside and inside children's homes, and to estimate the indoor/outdoor ratios for nitrogen dioxide in an urban area, in comparison with a less urbanized control area. We conducted measurements in 23 homes in Ume?, a city of about 100,000 inhabitants in the northern part of Sweden, in addition to 20 homes in a less urbanized control area situated about 20 km from Ume?. Measurements were made on two different occasions in each home during the period January-March, 1994. The houses were not equipped with any gas appliances. The mean outdoor 24-h concentration in Ume? was 28 micrograms m-3 and the mean indoor concentration was 11 micrograms m-3. The mean indoor: outdoor ratio was 0.44 (s = 0.23). The highest outdoor value, measured in the city centre of Ume?, was 54 micrograms m-3. In the control area the mean ambient 24-h concentration was 12 micrograms m-3, approximately half as high as in the urban area, and the mean indoor concentration was 6 micrograms m-3. The mean indoor: outdoor ratio was 0.67 (s = 0.55). The correlation coefficient between indoor and outdoor concentrations was higher in the control area, r = 0.79 (p < 0.001), in comparison with the urban area, r = 0.43 (p < 0.01). It is concluded that the outdoor as well as the indoor concentrations of nitrogen dioxide were approximately twice as high in Ume? as in the control area. This could be explained by heavier traffic density in Ume?. The mean 24-h concentration outside homes in Ume? was, however, below the 24-h national standard level of 75 micrograms m-3. The higher correlation between indoor and outdoor concentrations, combined with higher indoor: outdoor ratio, in the control area is interpreted as a sign of a lower level of penetration of outdoor air into the houses in the urban area. This was not explained by differences in types of buildings between the two areas, but possibly by differences in air-exchange rates and in habits of ventilating rooms with open windows. 相似文献
52.
The use of RFID middleware to support application development for and integration of RFID hardware into information systems
has become quite common in RFID applications where reader devices remain stationary, which currently represents the largest
part of all RFID applications in use. Another field for applying RFID technology which is offering a huge set of novel possibilities
and applications are mobile applications, where readers are no longer fixed. In order to address the specific issues of mobile RFID-enabled applications
and to support developers in rapid application development, we present ID-Services, an architecture for an RFID middleware that is designed to support mobile applications. The ID-Services approach has been used to implement MoVIS (Mobile Visitor Information System), a mobile application which allows museum visitors to request individually adapted multimedia
information about exhibits in an intuitive way. 相似文献
53.
Modelling water dynamics with DNDC and DAISY in a soil of the North China Plain: A comparative study
Roland Kröbel Qinping Sun Joachim Ingwersen Xinping Chen Fusuo Zhang Torsten Müller Volker Römheld 《Environmental Modelling & Software》2010,25(4):583-601
The performance of the DNDC and Daisy model to simulate the water dynamics in a floodplain soil of the North China Plain was tested and compared. While the DNDC model uses a simple cascade approach, the Daisy model applies the physically based Richard's equation for simulating water movement in soil. For model testing a three years record of the soil water content from the Dong Bei Wang experimental station near Beijing was used. There, the effect of nitrogen fertilization, irrigation and straw removal on soil water and nitrogen dynamics was investigated in a three factorial field experiment applying a split-split-plot design with 4 replications. The dataset of one treatment was used for model testing and calibration. Two other independent datasets from further treatments were employed for validating the models. For both models, the simulation results were not satisfying using default parameters. After parameter optimisation and the use of site-specific van Genuchten parameters, however, the Daisy model performed well. But, for the DNDC model, parameter optimisation failed to improve the simulation result. Owing to the fact that many biological processes such as plant growth, nitrification or denitrification depend strongly on the soil water content, our findings bring us to the conclusion that the site-specific suitability of the DNDC model for simulating the soil water dynamics should be tested before further simulation of other processes. 相似文献
54.
For the development of practical semantic applications, ontologies are commonly used with rule extensions. Prominent examples of semantic applications not only are Semantic Wikis, Semantic Desktops, but also advanced Web Services and agents. The application of rules increases the expressiveness of the underlying knowledge in many ways. Likewise, the integration not only creates new challenges for the design process of such ontologies, but also existing evaluation methods have to cope with the extension of ontologies by rules.Since the verification of Owl ontologies with rule extensions is not tractable in general, we propose to verify ontologies at the symbolic level by using a declarative approach: With the new language Datalog?, known anomalies can be easily specified and tested in a compact manner. We introduce supplements to existing verification techniques to support the design of ontologies with rule enhancements, and we focus on the detection of anomalies that especially occur due to the combined use of rules and ontological definitions. 相似文献
55.
Holger Maune Mohsen Sazegar Yuliang Zheng Xianghui Zhou Andre Giere Patrick Scheele Florian Paul Joachim R. Binder Rolf Jakoby 《Microsystem Technologies》2011,17(2):213-224
The research on materials and systems for tunable microwave devices has gained attraction within the last years. The radio
frequency characterization and the component design of tunable microwave components based on dielectric ceramics especially
barium-strontium-titanate (BST) are presented in this second part, whereas the basic material properties are discussed in
detail in the first part. After a short introduction to the processing technology used for the fabrication of tunable components
based on a BST thick film, the relations between microwave properties and material properties as well as the microstructure
are presented in detail. The design process for tunable microwave components based on BST thick films is described. Especially
the considerations related to micro- and macrostructure and their connection are highlighted. The paper closes with two different
application examples: a reconfigurable array antenna for satellite communication and varactors for high power applications. 相似文献
56.
The geometric element transformation method (GETMe) is a geometry-based smoothing method for mixed and non-mixed meshes. It
is based on a simple geometric transformation applicable to elements bounded by polygons with an arbitrary number of nodes.
The transformation, if applied iteratively, leads to a regularization of the polygons. Global mesh smoothing is accomplished
by averaging the new node positions obtained by local element transformations. Thereby, the choice of transformation parameters
as well as averaging weights can be based on the element quality which leads to high quality results. In this paper, a concept
of an enhanced transformation approach is presented and a proof for the regularizing effect of the transformation based on
eigenpolygons is given. Numerical examples confirm that the GETMe approach leads to superior mesh quality if compared to other
geometry-based methods. In terms of quality it can even compete with optimization-based techniques, despite being conceptually
significantly simpler. 相似文献
57.
It is well-known that there are striking analogies between linear shift-invariant systems and morphological systems for image analysis. So far, however, the relations between both system theories are mainly understood on a pure convolution / erosion level. A formal connection on the level of differential or pseudodifferential equations and their induced scale-spaces is still missing. The goal of our paper is to close this gap. We present a simple and fairly general dictionary that allows to translate any linear shift-invariant evolution equation into its morphological counterpart and vice versa. It is based on a scale-space representation by means of the symbol of its (pseudo)differential operator. Introducing a novel transformation, the Cramér–Fourier transform, puts us in a position to relate the symbol to the structuring function of a morphological scale-space of Hamilton–Jacobi type. As an application of our general theory, we derive the morphological counterparts of many linear shift-invariant scale-spaces, such as the Poisson scale-space, \(\alpha \)-scale-spaces, summed \(\alpha \)-scale-spaces, relativistic scale-spaces, and their anisotropic variants. Our findings are illustrated by experiments. 相似文献
58.
In this paper, we present an automatic C-code generation strategy for real-time nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC), which is designed for applications with kilohertz sample rates. The corresponding code export module has been implemented within the software package ACADO Toolkit. It is capable of exporting fixed step-size integrators together with their sensitivities as well as a real-time Gauss–Newton method. Here, we employ the symbolic representation of optimal control problems in ACADO in order to auto-generate plain C-code which is optimized for final production. The exported code has been tested for model predictive control scenarios comprising constrained nonlinear dynamic systems with four states and a control horizon of ten samples. The numerical simulations show a promising performance of the exported code being able to provide feedback in much less than a millisecond. 相似文献
59.
We present an algorithm that finds out-trees and out-branchings with at least k leaves in directed graphs. These problems are known as Directed Maximum Leaf Out-Tree and Directed Maximum Leaf Out-Branching, respectively, and—in the case of undirected graphs—as Maximum Leaf Spanning Tree. The run time of our algorithm is O(4
k
nm) on directed graphs and O(poly(n)+4
k
k
2) on undirected graphs. This improves over the previously fastest algorithms for these problems with run times of 2
O(klog k)
poly(n) and O(poly(n)+6.75
k
poly(k)) respectively. 相似文献
60.
Knowledge visualization for evaluation tasks 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Although various methods for the evaluation of intelligent systems have been proposed in the past, almost no techniques are
present that support the manual inspection of knowledge bases by the domain specialist. Manual knowledge base inspection is
an important and frequently applied method in knowledge engineering. Since it can hardly be performed in an automated manner,
it is a time-consuming and costly task. In this paper, we discuss a collection of appropriate visualization techniques that
help developers to interactively browse and analyze the knowledge base in order to find deficiencies and semantic errors in
their implementation. We describe standard visualization methods adapted to specifically support the analysis of the static
knowledge base structure, but also of the usage of knowledge base objects such as questions or solutions. Additionally, we
introduce a novel visualization technique that supports the validation of the derivation and interview behavior of a knowledge
system in a semi-automatic manner. The application of the presented methods was motivated by the daily practice of knowledge
base development. 相似文献