Ist gruppennützige Forschung mit nicht-einwilligungsfähigen Erwachsenen gerechtfertigt? Ethische Bewertung der neuen Regelung im Arzneimittelgesetz

Ethik in der Medizin - Im Zuge einer Änderung des Arzneimittelgesetzes im November 2016 hat der Deutsche Bundestag beschlossen, dass gruppennützige Arzneimittelforschung mit...     

Prediction of Cleaning by Means of Computational Fluid Dynamics: Implication of the Pre‐wetting of a Swellable Soil

Abstract

The cleaning behavior of a pre-wetted soil is studied experimentally and modeled numerically for the prototypical case of plane channel flow. One of the channel walls is soiled with a food-based model soil containing luminescent tracer particles to perform space- and time-resolved investigations of the cleaning process. Pre-wetting is applied for a few minutes before the soil removal is started with flow of Reynolds number up to 20,000. Physical model and simulation are based on a transient boundary condition to represent the behavior of the soil. Pre-wetting is taken into account by an initial removal of a certain amount of soil due to cohesive separation and the subsequent cleaning modeled as being limited by a diffusive process. Compared to a conventional multiphase simulation, the computation time is lowered by about three orders of magnitude. The results obtained with this elementary approach match the experiments astonishingly well.     

Erdbebengebiete der Bundesrepublik Deutschland – eine statistische Auswertung

Earthquake regions in Germany – a statistical evaluation. In context with the development of the German Seismic Code DIN 4149: 2005 a new zoning map has been elaborated. Before obtaining the status of an official document, the affected administrative units have to be assigned to the corresponding zones, under the responsibility of the German states. On the basis of recent statistical data provided by the state offices the shares of each federal state to the whole area of the individual seismic zones are evaluated. To gain a more detailed insight concerning the practical consequences, in addition to the size of the covered areas the number of inhabitants and buildings within theses zones are determined and compared. It can be concluded that about 60% of all zone 3 areas belong to Baden‐Wuerttemberg (BW) and about 40% to North Rhine‐Westphalia (NRW), but in contrast and due to the different density of settlement, from the about 0.35 Mio residential buildings in the highest zone3, about 65% of the buildings belong to NRW and only 35% to BW. The number of buildings in the lower zones2 and 1 is – if one follows purely the statistical facts – high. Regarding the generally acknowledged high quality of construction standards in Germany a check of inherent earthquake resistance (of structures without antiseismic provisions) is recommended in order to reduce design requirements. Using the ratio between the reference acceleration of the new and the previous code version and zoning maps regions, different levels of change (ranging from the neglect or reduction to a serious increase of design parameters) are distinguished.     

The development and evaluation of microstructured reactors for the water gas shift and preferential oxidation reactions in the 5 kW range

5 kW_el One-Stage Water Gas Shift (WGS) and Preferential Oxidation (PROx) reactors were designed and evaluated for the clean-up of surrogate diesel reformate. For the WGS reactor, CO conversions of up to 95% were attained using typical surrogate synthetic diesel reformate. The PROx reactor was capable of converting a feed concentration of 1.0 mol% CO to 20 ppm. Load changes for both reactors could be carried out without significant overshoots of carbon monoxide.     

On the application of the exponential wide band model to the calculation of radiative heat transfer in one- and two-dimensional enclosures

Various implementations of the exponential wide band model (EWBM) are used to model radiative heat transfer in one- and two-dimensional enclosures containing CO₂ and H₂O. These are, first, the original banded approach using the four-region approximation for the total band absorption, second, a numerical integration of the spectral transmittance, and third, the wide band correlated k-distribution method (CKM). A correlated and a non-correlated formulation are used to solve the radiative transfer equation. In two-dimensional enclosures, these formulations are implemented using a ray tracing method (RTM) and the discrete ordinates method (DOM), respectively. The wide band CKM is found to be the best choice concerning accuracy and computational effort.     

Method for the in situ calibration of a passive phosphate sampler in estuarine and marine waters

Passive samplers for phosphate were calibrated in the laboratory over a range of flow velocities (0-27 cm s(-1)) and ionic strengths (0-0.62 mol kg(-1)). The observed sampling rates were between 0.006 and 0.20 L d(-1). An empirical model allowed the estimation of these sampling rates with a precision of 8.5%. Passive flow monitors (PFMs), based on gypsum dissolution rates, were calibrated for the same range of flow velocities and ionic strength. Mass loss rates of the PFMs increased with increasing ionic strength. We demonstrate that this increase is quantitatively accounted for by the increased gypsum solubility at higher ionic strengths. We provide a calculation scheme for these solubilities for an environmentally relevant range of temperatures and salinities. The results imply that co-deployed PFMs can be used for estimating the flow effect on the in situ sampling rates of the phosphate samplers, and we expect that the same may hold for other passive samplers.     

Muss sich das Wirtschaftsinformatik-Curriculum unter dem Gesichtspunkt „Lebenslanges Lernen“ weiterentwickeln?

Ohne Zusammenfassung     

Decomposition of aqueous ozone in the presence of aromatic organic solutes

The decomposition of aqueous ozone is mainly due to the OH(*) radical chain reaction. Some aromatic compounds have been found to tremendously accelerate ozone decomposition in buffered water although their direct reactions with ozone are very low. Hydrogen peroxide has been detected as an important intermediate product in this process. Therefore, a reaction pathway (aromatic ring=>olefin=>H(2)O(2)=>HO(2)(-)) is proposed in this study. Aromatic rings react with OH(*) radicals or ozone to yield olefins. The olefin formed immediately reacts with ozone and is converted to H(2)O(2). Parts of H(2)O(2) dissociate to HO(2)(-), which strongly accelerates aqueous ozone decomposition. Therefore, a new chain reaction appears. The proposed reaction pathway is much faster than another promotion pathway, such as aqueous ozone decomposition promoted by methanol, formic acid or glucose.     

Die Erhebung von Brandlasten in 95 Industrie‐ und Gewerbebauten

Survey of fire loads in 95 industrial and commercial buildings. This article describes a survey of fire loads in 95 industrial and commercial Swiss companies from 40 sectors. The survey was carried out between July and December 2005 on behalf of the association of cantonal fire insurers (Vereinigung Kantonaler Feuerversicherungen – VKF). The survey results will be used as a basis for developing a simplified method for specifying technical measures for large fire zones in industrial buildings. The approach and results are briefly described below. The article concludes with an interpretation of the results and an outlook.