Texture changes in dry-cured ham pieces by mild thermal treatments at the end of the drying process

The present study evaluated the effects of mild thermal treatments at the end of the drying process on physicochemical characteristics and instrumental and sensory texture in dry-cured ham. Experiment 1: effect of thermal treatments (4–46 °C) for 4 h and 24 h. Experiment 2: time effect (4–168 h) of thermal treatments at 30 °C and 36 °C. Both experiments were done on small dry-cured ham dices. Experiment 3: time effect (4–168 h) of thermal treatment at 30 °C on both instrumental and sensory texture of 4-cm-thick sections of dry-cured ham. The thermal treatment at 30 °C for 168 h on both dry-cured ham muscle dices (20 mm × 20 mm × 15 mm) and dry-cured ham sections (4 cm thick) decreased softness, adhesiveness and pastiness in BF muscle, without increasing hardness in SM muscle or affecting moisture, a_w and proteolysis index.     

注入时尚DNA的灵感之作——Kang Jin Young陈列赏析

Kang Jin Young品牌于1993年创立,次年即荣获韩国顶级奖项金针奖,第三年入驻乐天百货名品馆,与国际一线顶级品牌平起平坐,追随其后的时尚名流逐年递增。Kang Jin Young是唯一一个连续11年参加纽约时装周的品牌,Kang Jin Young这个堪称奇迹的韩国顶级时装品牌,在短短15年间.已经与那些国际顶级奢侈品牌一样成为顶级名流消费圈的热宠。2006年3月,Kang Jin Young作为顶级的设计师品牌,将上海设为其入驻中国的第一站,现已在北京、上海、杭州、深圳、天津、南京等一线城市开设了近十家专卖店。在北京国贸商城和新光天地的Kang Jin Young精品店,同一间店铺中几乎难以发现两件类似的衣服——每件时装都是设计独特的精品,即全部是SKU单品出样。Kang Jin Young的设计初衷来自7种灵感:思想、感觉、都市、视觉、旅行、色彩和人。在Kang Jin Young专卖店中,这7种灵感在同一种载体中集中呈现:视觉陈列。     

Effect of pH and addition of corn oil on the properties of whey protein isolate-based films using response surface methodology

Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to investigate pH and corn oil (CO) effects on the properties of films formed from whey protein isolate (WPI). Test films were evaluated for tensile strength (TS), puncture strength (PT), percentage elongation at break point (E), water vapour permeability (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP). TS of WPI films increased with increasing pH, while addition of CO produced no trend. However, when WPI solution pH increased >10.0, film TS generally decreased with CO addition (>11%). E values increased dramatically with increasing levels of CO when pH for WPI solutions were >8.5. However, pH had no effect on E values. WPI solutions possessing high pH values (maximum pH value of 10.62) produced WPI films with the highest PT values. WVP had a quadratic relationship with pH and CO addition. OP had an inversely linear relationship with increasing pH (6.5–10.5) and a quadratic relationship with CO addition. Optimal pH (9.88) and CO level (2.93%), determined from physical test film data, were predicted by RSM.     

Wet‐fractionation of Phaseolus lunatus seeds: partial characterization of starch and protein

The optimum extraction conditions for integral use of Phaseolus lunatus seed, in alkaline medium, are 1:6 (w/v) flour:water ratio, pH 11 and a 1 h extraction time. Three main fractions were produced under these conditions: starch; protein isolate and fibrous residue by‐product. The yield is 288.4 g kg^?1 starch, 188.2 g kg^?1 protein isolate and the remaining quantity, fibrous residue. The starch has 98.4% purity, a 75 °C gelatinization temperature and high syneresis even at high concentrations. It also has high viscosity, good stability and middle retrogradation during the heating–cooling cycle. The protein isolate contains 711.3 g kg^?1 protein as well as 75.5 g lysine kg^?1 protein, 10.1 g methionine kg^?1 protein and 12.2 g tryptophan kg^?1 protein. Its in vitro digestibility is 79% with a 2.5 c‐PER. The fibrous residue contains 63 g kg^?1 of protein, 328.4 g kg^?1 of crude fiber and 567.3 g kg^?1 of NFE. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Characterisation of young bulls of the Bruna dels Pirineus cattle breed (selected from old Brown Swiss) in relation to carcass, meat quality and biochemical traits

Seventy-four young bulls of the Bruna dels Pirineus beef cattle breed were reared in a typical production system and slaughtered at an average age of 381 days and live weight of 541 kg. The animals were evaluated for productive traits, carcass quality, meat quality, eating quality and biochemical characteristics of m. longissimus thoracis (LT). Biochemical measurements included intramuscular fat (IMF) and collagen proportion, haem pigment concentration, lactate dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase activities and type I (MHC I) fibre percentage determined by ELISA. Bruna dels Pirineus bulls achieved high growth rates during the fattening period (1.63 kg/day) and showed good carcass quality, with a high dressing-out proportion (607 g/kg, hot carcass), a good conformation score (U; EUROP) and a moderate fatness score (3;1-5). Carcass composition was estimated from the sixth rib joint dissection (682 g/kg lean proportion, 127 g/kg total dissectable fat and 163 g/kg bone). IMF (24.3 g/kg) and MHC I (27.9%) showed high variabilities (CV>30%). Sensory analysis of LT included beef and livery odour and flavour intensity, and overall tenderness and juiciness assessment of loin samples (14-day ageing). Beef odour and flavour were slightly positively correlated with IMF and carcass fatness score (P<0.05). Fatness, MHC I, insoluble collagen and cooking losses tended to affect the livery flavour intensity positively. This variable was significantly higher in meat from bulls of lower carcass quality (i.e. lower conformation score, lower lean proportion; P<0.05) and higher type I fibre percentage. Loin overall tenderness and juiciness were not affected by the biochemical traits studied, however, they were negatively affected by cooking loss (P<0.05).     

Design of Phosphonated Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquids Grafted on γ-Alumina: Potential Model for Hybrid Membranes

Imidazolium bromide-based ionic liquids bearing phosphonyl groups on the cationic part were synthesized and grafted on γ-alumina (γ-Al₂O₃) powders. These powders were prepared as companion samples of conventional mesoporous γ-alumina membranes, in order to favor a possible transfer of the results to supported membrane materials, which could be used for CO₂ separation applications. Effective grafting was demonstrated using energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDX), N₂ adsorption measurements, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and special attention was paid to ³¹P and ¹³C solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR).     

Use of FIB to Study ZDDP Tribofilms

Focussed ion beam milling (FIB) followed by TEM has been used to study ZDDP tribofilms on rubbed steel surfaces. It has been found that the impact of high energy platinum and gallium ions during FIB causes significant morphological and structural changes to the uppermost 30–50 nm of a ZDDP tribofilm. This can be prevented by the low energy deposition of a quite thick gold layer prior to installation of the sample in the FIB facility. This problem, and its solution, have been quite widely reported in the non-tribology literature but have not previously been highlighted in the application of FIB to study tribological surfaces. It has also been found, using this gold pre-deposition method, that the bulk of the ZDDP tribofilm studied has a polycrystalline structure.     

Modeling and reduction of crosstalk on coupled microstrip line structures and multichip modules: An FDTD approach

The finite difference time domain modeling technique is used to model the near end and far end crosstalk on coupled microstrip structures used in multichip modules. The lines are terminated in lumped resistors which closely, but not exactly, match the lines. One line is excited by a Gaussian voltage pulse produced by a Thévenin equivalent voltage source. It is shown that adding dielectric strips in the substrate below the conducting lines will reduce the peak crosstalk by as much as 80%. Eight different configurations are modeled consisting of dielectric strips with different dielectric constant combinations. All configurations are modeled with and without a metal case in order to make sure that the crosstalk reduction persists when the structure is enclosed in a metallic enclosure (this would be the case for multichip modules). The results show that using dielectric strips with the smallest possible dielectric constant reduces crosstalk the most. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Mining the Wheat Grain Proteome

Bread wheat is the most widely cultivated crop worldwide, used in the production of food products and a feed source for animals. Selection tools that can be applied early in the breeding cycle are needed to accelerate genetic gain for increased wheat production while maintaining or improving grain quality if demand from human population growth is to be fulfilled. Proteomics screening assays of wheat flour can assist breeders to select the best performing breeding lines and discard the worst lines. In this study, we optimised a robust LC–MS shotgun quantitative proteomics method to screen thousands of wheat genotypes. Using 6 cultivars and 4 replicates, we tested 3 resuspension ratios (50, 25, and 17 µL/mg), 2 extraction buffers (with urea or guanidine-hydrochloride), 3 sets of proteases (chymotrypsin, Glu-C, and trypsin/Lys-C), and multiple LC settings. Protein identifications by LC–MS/MS were used to select the best parameters. A total 8738 wheat proteins were identified. The best method was validated on an independent set of 96 cultivars and peptides quantities were normalised using sample weights, an internal standard, and quality controls. Data mining tools found particularly useful to explore the flour proteome are presented (UniProt Retrieve/ID mapping tool, KEGG, AgriGO, REVIGO, and Pathway Tools).