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排序方式: 共有325条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
61.
Dennis Haake Joerg Klatte Aleksander Grah Michael E. Dreyer 《Microgravity science and technology》2010,22(2):129-138
An open capillary channel is a structure that establishes a liquid flow path when the capillary pressure caused by surface
tension forces dominates in comparison to the hydrostatic pressure induced by gravitational or residual accelerations. To
maintain a steady flow through the channel the capillary pressure of the free surface has to balance the pressure difference
between the liquid and the surrounding constant pressure gas phase. Due to convective and viscous momentum transport the pressure
along the flow path of the liquid decreases and causes the free surface to bend inwards. The maximum flow rate through the
channel is reached when the free surface collapses and gas ingestion occurs near the outlet. This stability limit depends
on the geometry of the channel and the properties of the liquid. In this paper we present an experimental setup which is used
in the low-gravity environment of the Bremen Drop Tower. Experiments with convective dominated systems have been performed
where the flow rate was increased up to the maximum value. In comparison to this we present a one-dimensional theoretical
model to determine important characteristics of the flow, such as the free surface shape and the limiting flow rate. Furthermore
we present an explanation for the mechanism of flow rate limitation for these flow conditions which is similar to the choking
problem for compressible gas flows. 相似文献
62.
Stephanie C. McClelland Phillip Cassey Golo Maurer Mark E. Hauber Steven J. Portugal 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2021,18(182)
The avian eggshell is a bio-ceramic structure that protects the embryo. It is composed almost entirely of calcium carbonate and a small amount of organic material. An optimal amount of calcium carbonate in the eggshell is essential for the embryo''s development, yet how the ratio of calcium carbonate to organic matter varies between species has not been investigated. Calcium is a limiting resource for most birds, so its investment in their eggs should be optimized for a bird''s life history. We measured the relative calcium carbonate content of eggshells in 222 bird species and tested hypotheses for how this trait has evolved with the life-history strategies of these species and other traits of their respective egg physiologies. We found that (i) eggshell calcium carbonate content was positively correlated with species having thinner eggshells and smaller than expected eggs relative to incubating parental mass, (ii) species with small mean clutch sizes had lower calcium carbonate content in their eggshells, and (iii) for species with larger clutch sizes, eggshell calcium carbonate content was negatively correlated with their mean lifespan. The pattern of lower eggshell calcium carbonate in longer lived, larger clutched birds suggests that calcium provision to the eggshell has long-term costs for the individual. 相似文献
63.
Thiol–Ene Clickable Gelatin: A Platform Bioink for Multiple 3D Biofabrication Technologies
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Sarah Bertlein Gabriella Brown Khoon S. Lim Tomasz Jungst Thomas Boeck Torsten Blunk Joerg Tessmar Gary J. Hooper Tim B. F. Woodfield Juergen Groll 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2017,29(44)
Bioprinting can be defined as the art of combining materials and cells to fabricate designed, hierarchical 3D hybrid constructs. Suitable materials, so called bioinks, have to comply with challenging rheological processing demands and rapidly form a stable hydrogel postprinting in a cytocompatible manner. Gelatin is often adopted for this purpose, usually modified with (meth‐)acryloyl functionalities for postfabrication curing by free radical photopolymerization, resulting in a hydrogel that is cross‐linked via nondegradable polymer chains of uncontrolled length. The application of allylated gelatin (GelAGE) as a thiol–ene clickable bioink for distinct biofabrication applications is reported. Curing of this system occurs via dimerization and yields a network with flexible properties that offer a wider biofabrication window than (meth‐)acryloyl chemistry, and without additional nondegradable components. An in‐depth analysis of GelAGE synthesis is conducted, and standard UV‐initiation is further compared with a recently described visible‐light‐initiator system for GelAGE hydrogel formation. It is demonstrated that GelAGE may serve as a platform bioink for several biofabrication technologies by fabricating constructs with high shape fidelity via lithography‐based (digital light processing) 3D printing and extrusion‐based 3D bioprinting, the latter supporting long‐term viability postprinting of encapsulated chondrocytes. 相似文献
64.
Stacy Jordahl Luis Solorio Dylan B. Neale Sean McDermott Jacob H. Jordahl Alexandra Fox Christopher Dunlay Annie Xiao Martha Brown Max Wicha Gary D. Luker Joerg Lahann 《Advanced materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)》2019,31(46)
Extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, and most prominently, fibronectin (Fn), are routinely used in the form of adsorbed pre‐coatings in an attempt to create a cell‐supporting environment in both two‐ and three‐dimensional cell culture systems. However, these protein coatings are typically deposited in a form which is structurally and functionally distinct from the ECM‐constituting fibrillar protein networks naturally deposited by cells. Here, the cell‐free and scalable synthesis of freely suspended and mechanically robust three‐dimensional (3D) networks of fibrillar fibronectin (fFn) supported by tessellated polymer scaffolds is reported. Hydrodynamically induced Fn fibrillogenesis at the three‐phase contact line between air, an Fn solution, and a tessellated scaffold microstructure yields extended protein networks. Importantly, engineered fFn networks promote cell invasion and proliferation, enable in vitro expansion of primary cancer cells, and induce an epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition in cancer cells. Engineered fFn networks support the formation of multicellular cancer structures cells from plural effusions of cancer patients. With further work, engineered fFn networks can have a transformative impact on fundamental cell studies, precision medicine, pharmaceutical testing, and pre‐clinical diagnostics. 相似文献
65.
66.
W Hellenbrand H Boeing BP Robra A Seidler P Vieregge P Nischan J Joerg WH Oertel E Schneider G Ulm 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1996,47(3):644-650
In a case-control study, we compared the past dietary habits of 342 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients recruited from nine German clinics with those of 342 controls from the same neighborhood or region. Data were gathered with a structured interview and a self-administered food-frequency questionnaire. Nutrient intakes were calculated from the reported food intakes through linkage with the German Federal Food Code and analyzed using multivariate conditional logistic regression to control for total energy intake, educational status, and cigarette smoking. At the macronutrient level, patients reported higher carbohydrate intake than controls after adjustment for total energy intake, smoking, and educational status (OR = 2.74, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.30-6.07, for the highest versus lowest quartile, p trend = 0.02). This was reflected in higher monosaccharide and disaccharide intakes at the nutrient level. There was no difference between patients and controls in protein and fat intake after adjustment for energy intake. We found an inverse association between the intakes of beta-carotene (OR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.37-1.19, p trend = 0.06) and ascorbic acid (OR = 0.60, 95% CI: 0.33-1.09, p trend = 0.04) by patients, although only the trend for ascorbic acid intake reached statistical significance. There was no difference between groups for alpha-tocopherol intake after adjustment for energy intake. We also found that patients reported a significantly lower intake of niacin than controls (OR = 0.15, 95% CI: 0.07-0.33, p trend < 0.00005). Our results suggest that if antioxidants play a protective role in this disease, the amounts provided by diet alone are insufficient. Although the interpretation of the inverse association between niacin intake and PD is complicated by the high niacin content in coffee and alcoholic beverages, which were also inversely associated with PD in this study, the strength of this association and its biologic plausibility warrant further investigation. 相似文献
67.
W Hauber 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》1998,9(18):4115-4118
The role of dopamine in the subthalamic nucleus to control motor behaviour was investigated in rats using bilateral microinfusions of the dopamine D1 receptor antagonist SCH23390 and the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist S(-)-sulpiride. Selective blockade of subthalamic D1 receptors, but not of D2 receptors, produced catalepsy. These findings suggest that dopamine D1 receptors within the subthalamic nucleus play a prominent role in the regulation of motor functions. Furthermore, the data point to the possibility that a reduced dopaminergic tone at subthalamic dopamine D1 receptors might contribute to akinesia in Parkinson's disease. 相似文献
68.
Miri Dainson Melissa Mark Marouf Hossain Barney Yoo Mande Holford Shannon E. McNeil Christina Riehl Mark E. Hauber 《Journal of chemical ecology》2018,44(10):940-946
Hosts of avian brood parasites often use visual cues to reject foreign eggs, and several lineages of brood parasites have evolved mimetic eggshell coloration and patterning to circumvent host recognition. What is the mechanism of parasitic egg color mimicry at the chemical level? Mimetic egg coloration by Common Cuckoos Cuculus canorus is achieved by depositing similar concentrations of colorful pigments into their shells as their hosts. The mechanism of parasitic egg color mimicry at the chemical level in other lineages of brood parasites remains unexplored. Here we report on the chemical basis of egg color mimicry in an evolutionarily independent, and poorly studied, host-parasite system: the Neotropical Striped Cuckoo Tapera naevia and one of its hosts, the Rufous-and-white Wren Thryophilus rufalbus. In most of South America, Striped Cuckoos lay white eggs that are identical to those of local host species. In Central America, however, Striped Cuckoos lay blue eggs that match those of the Rufous-and-white Wren, suggesting that blue egg color in these cuckoo populations is an adaptation to mimic host egg appearance. Here we confirm that Striped Cuckoo eggs are spectrally similar to those of their hosts and consistently contain the same major eggshell pigment, biliverdin. However, wren eggshells lacked protoporphyrin, which was present in the parasitic cuckoo eggshells. Furthermore, biliverdin concentrations were significantly lower in cuckoo eggshells than in host eggshells. Similarity of host-parasite eggshell appearance, therefore, need not always be paralleled by a quantitative chemical match to generate effective visual mimicry in birds. 相似文献
69.
Antonio Fernández Anta Chryssis Georgiou Dariusz R. Kowalski Joerg Widmer Elli Zavou 《Journal of Scheduling》2016,19(2):135-152
In this paper, we explore the problem of achieving efficient packet transmission over unreliable links with worst-case occurrence of errors. In such a setup, even an omniscient offline scheduling strategy cannot achieve stability of the packet queue, nor is it able to use up all the available bandwidth. Hence, an important first step is to identify an appropriate metric to measure the efficiency of scheduling strategies in such a setting. To this end, we propose an asymptotic throughput metric which corresponds to the long-term competitive ratio of the algorithm with respect to the optimal. We then explore the impact of the error detection mechanism and feedback delay on our measure. We compare instantaneous with deferred error feedback, which requires a faulty packet to be fully received in order to detect the error. We propose algorithms for worst-case adversarial and stochastic packet arrival models, and formally analyze their performance. The asymptotic throughput achieved by these algorithms is shown to be close to optimal by deriving lower bounds on the metric and almost matching upper bounds for any algorithm in the considered settings. Our collection of results demonstrate the potential of using instantaneous feedback to improve the performance of communication systems in adverse environments. 相似文献
70.
Jingdong Chen Di Chen Tao Yuan Xiang Chen Jun Zhu Andreas Morschhauser Joerg Nestler Thomas Otto Thomas Gessner 《Microsystem Technologies》2014,20(3):485-491
Microfluidic chips were designed and fabricated to capture cells in a relative small volume to generate the desired concentration needed for analysis. The microfluidic chips comprise three-dimensional (3-D) cell capture structures array fabricated in PDMS. The capture structure includes two layers. The first layer consists of spacers to create small gap between the upper layer and glass. The second layer is a sharp corner U-shaped compartment with sharp corners at the fore-end. And another type capture structure with Y-shaped fluidic guide has been designed. It was demonstrated that the structures can capture cells in theory, using Darcy–Weisbach equation and COMSOL Multiphysics. Then yeast cell was chosen to test the performance of the chips. The chip without fluid guides captured ~1.44 × 105 cells and the capture efficiency was up to 71 %. And the chip with fluid guides captured ~5.0 × 104 cells and the capture efficiency was ~25 %. The chip without fluid guides can capture more cells because the yeast cells in the chip without fluid guides are subject to larger hydrodynamic drag force. 相似文献