A DEFORMATION STUDY OF COBALT OXIDEIRON OXIDE-SILICA MIXTURES1

Deformation eutectic fusions are reported for 46%Co₃O₄-54%Fe₂O₃ and 36%Co₃O₄-42%Fe₂O₃-22%SiO₂. Either of these eutectics could be substituted for cobalt as an enamel ground coat.     

The effect of fat on the gastric responses to foods

Summary 1. In eight series of triplicate tests on persons in good health and with normal secretory responses who were fed test meals of foods cooked with fat, the day to day variations in gastric evacuation times ranged from 0 to 30 minutes with an average deviation from the mean of ±17 minutes. 2. Experiments with meals of foods in which moderate quantities of fats were incorporated intimately by either baking or frying according to good culinary procedure revealed no relationship between the fat contents of the foods and the times required for complete evacuation of the foods from the subjects’ stomachs. 3. The experiments indicated a parallelism between the protein contents of the test meals and the gastric evacuation times. 4. No significant differences were observed between the influences of a hydrogenated vegetable fat and of butter upon the rates of evacuation from the subjects’ stomachs of meals of potatoes in which these fats had been incorporated intimately by good culinary technic. Within the limits of error of the experimental procedure, French fried and Lyonnaise potatoes containing moderate amounts of fat were evacuated from the stomachs as rapidly as boiled potatoes. 5. Gastric emptying times for meals of doughnuts did not differ significantly from gastric evacuation times for meals of bread and butter supplying equivalent amounts of fat. 6. The addition to a test meal of glucose in water of either hydrogenated vegetable fat or butter fat in amounts equivalent to two-thirds the weight of the glucose retarded the evacuation of the glucose meal from the stomach. 7. Excess fat, added to potatoes by pan-frying in hydrogenated vegetable fat or butter to the extent of making the potatoes “greasy,” such as may occur in poor culinary practice, prolonged the emptying time of the stomach beyond the period for boiled potatoes. 8. An explanation has been suggested for this retardation of the emptying of the stomach effected both by digestible fats added to glucose solutions and by foods containing fats in excess of that which is incorporated intimately in these foods by good culinary methods. This paper was presented before the meeting of the American Oil Chemists’ Society, Chicago, Illinois, October 27, 1944. This work was supported by a grant from Lever Brothers Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts.     

Influence of pH of the adsorbent on the properties of edible oils and fats

Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society -     

The determination of cloud pattern motions from geosynchronous satellite image data

Cloud motion can be determined from sequential pictures obtained from the geosynchronous Applications Technology Satellites, ATS-I and ATS-III. Experiments have been conducted using two automated techniques for computing the cloud motions over the time interval between two digitized pictures. One technique is a direct application of cross-correlation using the fast Fourier Transform (fFT). In the other, a relatively simple matching technique is used in the computer to recognize binary images of cloud fields on each member of a picture pair. Results obtained from the two techniques are similar. The computed directions are in good agreement with those determined by manual methods with indications that computed speeds are more accurately resolved than those determined manually.     

Chromium remediation or release? Effect of iron(II) sulfate addition on chromium(VI) leaching from columns of chromite ore processing residue

Chromite ore processing residue (COPR), derived from the so-called high lime processing of chromite ore, contains high levels of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) and has a pH between 11 and 12. Ferrous sulfate, which is used for remediation of Cr(VI) contamination in wastewater and soils via reduction to Cr(III) and subsequent precipitation of iron(III)/chromium(III) hydroxide, has also been proposed for remediation of Cr(VI) in COPR. Instead, however, addition of FeSO4 to the infiltrating solution in column experiments with COPR greatly increased leaching of Cr(VI). Leached Cr(VI) increased from 3.8 to 12.3 mmol kg(-1) COPR in 25 pore volumes with 20 mM FeSO4, reaching solution concentrations as high as 1.6 mM. Fe(II) was ineffective in reducing Cr(VI) to Cr(III) because it precipitated when it entered the column due to the high pH of COPR, while Cr(VI) in solution was transported away with the infiltrating solution. The large increase in leaching of Cr(VI) upon infiltration of sulfate, either as FeSO4 or Na2SO4, was caused by anion exchange of sulfate for chromate in the layered double hydroxide mineral hydrocalumite, a process for which scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis provided direct evidence.     

Characterizing dissolved and particulate phosphorus in water with 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Management of aquatic ecosystems is hampered because current methodology limits characterization of phosphorus (P)forms. We developed a procedure to characterize dissolved (DP) and particulate (PP) P from river waters by solution 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, using 4-L samples, and tested this procedure with a spiking trial. Most P was orthophosphate. Organic P forms included phosphonates, myo-inositol hexakisphosphate, and orthophosphate diesters. This research represents an important technical advance to characterize DP and PP in natural waters. It is simple, uses samples small enough for routine collection, and puts PP and DP into the same chemical environment for direct comparison. The technique is sensitive, detecting changes in spectra from P additions as small as 2% of total P, and identifying differences from two points along the flow path of a single river. However, lyophilizing samples in NaOH-ethylenediamine-tetraacetic acid (EDTA) may alter some P forms, which requires further investigation.