全文获取类型
收费全文 | 32897篇 |
免费 | 989篇 |
国内免费 | 66篇 |
专业分类
电工技术 | 366篇 |
综合类 | 35篇 |
化学工业 | 6750篇 |
金属工艺 | 858篇 |
机械仪表 | 621篇 |
建筑科学 | 1839篇 |
矿业工程 | 247篇 |
能源动力 | 1016篇 |
轻工业 | 2760篇 |
水利工程 | 335篇 |
石油天然气 | 207篇 |
武器工业 | 2篇 |
无线电 | 2148篇 |
一般工业技术 | 5193篇 |
冶金工业 | 6637篇 |
原子能技术 | 322篇 |
自动化技术 | 4616篇 |
出版年
2022年 | 169篇 |
2021年 | 385篇 |
2020年 | 332篇 |
2019年 | 399篇 |
2018年 | 487篇 |
2017年 | 505篇 |
2016年 | 519篇 |
2015年 | 462篇 |
2014年 | 736篇 |
2013年 | 2131篇 |
2012年 | 1240篇 |
2011年 | 1590篇 |
2010年 | 1169篇 |
2009年 | 1257篇 |
2008年 | 1436篇 |
2007年 | 1467篇 |
2006年 | 1256篇 |
2005年 | 1172篇 |
2004年 | 1052篇 |
2003年 | 1023篇 |
2002年 | 1031篇 |
2001年 | 634篇 |
2000年 | 615篇 |
1999年 | 575篇 |
1998年 | 599篇 |
1997年 | 499篇 |
1996年 | 604篇 |
1995年 | 546篇 |
1994年 | 532篇 |
1993年 | 534篇 |
1992年 | 486篇 |
1991年 | 321篇 |
1990年 | 438篇 |
1989年 | 423篇 |
1988年 | 379篇 |
1987年 | 425篇 |
1986年 | 382篇 |
1985年 | 515篇 |
1984年 | 491篇 |
1983年 | 443篇 |
1982年 | 464篇 |
1981年 | 445篇 |
1980年 | 353篇 |
1979年 | 365篇 |
1978年 | 329篇 |
1977年 | 307篇 |
1976年 | 268篇 |
1975年 | 318篇 |
1974年 | 243篇 |
1973年 | 279篇 |
排序方式: 共有10000条查询结果,搜索用时 656 毫秒
951.
Smith J. David; Minda John Paul; Washburn David A. 《Canadian Metallurgical Quarterly》2004,133(3):398
In influential research, R. N. Shepard, C. I. Hovland, and H. M. Jenkins (1961) surveyed humans' categorization abilities using tasks based in rules, exclusive-or (XOR) relations, and exemplar memorization. Humans' performance was poorly predicted by cue-conditioning or stimulus-generalization theories, causing Shepard et al. to describe it in terms of hypothesis selection and rule application that were possibly supported by verbal mediation. The authors of the current article surveyed monkeys' categorization abilities similarly. Monkeys, like humans, found category tasks with a single relevant dimension the easiest and perceptually chaotic tasks requiring exemplar memorization the most difficult. Monkeys, unlike humans, found tasks based in XOR relations very difficult. The authors discuss the character and basis of the species difference in categorization and consider whether monkeys are the generalization-based cognitive system that humans are not. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved) 相似文献
952.
Satellite radar remote sensing of seasonal growing seasons for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
John S. Kimball Kyle C. McDonald Steve E. Frolking 《Remote sensing of environment》2004,90(2):243-258
We evaluated whether satellite radar remote sensing of landscape seasonal freeze-thaw cycles provides an effective measure of active growing season timing and duration for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests. Landscape daily radar backscatter measurements from the SeaWinds scatterometer on-board the QuikSCAT satellite were evaluated across a regional network of North American coniferous forest sites for 2000 and 2001. Radar remote sensing measurements of the initiation and length of the growing season corresponded closely with both site measurements and ecosystem process model (BIOME-BGC) simulations of these parameters because of the sensitivity of the Ku-band scatterometer to snow cover freeze-thaw dynamics and associated linkages between growing season initiation and the timing of seasonal snowmelt. In contrast, remote sensing estimates of the timing of growing season termination were either weakly or not significantly associated with site measurements and model simulation results, due to the relative importance of light availability and other environmental controls on stand phenology in the fall. Regional patterns of estimated annual net primary production (NPP) and component photosynthetic and autotrophic respiration rates for the evergreen forest sites also corresponded favorably with remote sensing estimates of the seasonal timing of spring thaw and associated growing season length, indicating the importance of these parameters in determining spatial and temporal patterns of NPP and the potential utility of satellite radar remote sensing for regional monitoring of the terrestrial biosphere. 相似文献
953.
Watershed scale temporal and spatial stability of soil moisture and its role in validating satellite estimates 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Watershed scale soil moisture estimates are necessary to validate current remote sensing products, such as those from the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR). Unfortunately, remote sensing technology does not currently resolve the land surface at a scale that is easily observed with ground measurements. One approach to validation is to use existing soil moisture measurement networks and scale these point observations up to the resolution of remote sensing footprints. As part of the Soil Moisture Experiment 2002 (SMEX02), one such soil moisture gaging system in the Walnut Creek Watershed, Iowa, provided robust estimates of the soil moisture average for a watershed throughout the summer of 2002. Twelve in situ soil moisture probes were installed across the watershed. These probes recorded soil moisture at a depth of 5 cm from June 29, 2002 to August 19, 2002. The sampling sites were analyzed for temporal and spatial stability by several measures including mean relative difference, Spearman rank, and correlation coefficient analysis. Representative point measurements were used to estimate the watershed scale (∼25 km) soil moisture average and shown to be accurate indicators with low variance and bias of the watershed scale soil moisture distribution. This work establishes the validity of this approach to provide watershed scale soil moisture estimates in this study region for the purposes of satellite validation with estimation errors as small as 3%. Also, the potential sources of error in this type of analysis are explored. This study is a first step in the implementation of large-scale soil moisture validation using existing networks such as the Soil Climate Analysis Network (SCAN) and several Agricultural Research Service watersheds as a basis for calibrating satellite soil moisture products, for networks design, and designing field experiments. 相似文献
954.
Marvin C. McCallum John L. Campbell Joel B. Richman James L. Brown Emily Wiese 《International Journal of Speech Technology》2004,7(1):25-33
Speech Recognition is frequently cited as a potential remedy to distraction resulting from drivers' operation of in-vehicle devices. This position typically assumes that the introduction of speech recognition will result in reduced cognitive workload and improved driving performance. Past research neither fully supports nor fully discounts this assumption. However, it is difficult to compare many of these studies, due to differences in device operation tasks, the pacing of those tasks, speech recognition system performance, and system interface designs. In an effort to directly address the effect of voice recognition on driver distraction, the present authors developed a capability to manipulate the performance characteristics of a speech recognition system through a Wizard of Oz speech recognition system and installed this system in a simulated driving environment. The sensitivity of the simulated driving environment and speech recognition accuracy manipulation were evaluated in an initial study comparing driver cognitive workload and driving performance during self-paced simulated operation of a personal digital assistant (PDA) during no PDA use, manual control of the PDA, and speech control of the PDA. In the Speech PDA condition, speech recognition accuracy was varied between drivers. Analysis of drivers' emergency braking response times and rated cognitive workload revealed significantly lower cognitive demand and better performance in the No PDA condition when compared to the Manual PDA condition. The Speech PDA condition resulted in response times and rated cognitive workload levels that were between the No PDA and Manual PDA conditions, but not significantly different from either of these conditions. Further analysis of emergency braking performance revealed a non-significant trend towards better performance in conjunction with higher speech recognition accuracy levels. The potential for reducing driver distraction through the careful development and evaluation of speech recognition systems is discussed. 相似文献
955.
We report formation of subwavelength surface grating over large surface area of molybdenum mirror by multiple irradiation of amplified femtosecond laser pulses from a homemade Ti:sapphire oscillator-amplifier laser system in a raster scan configuration. The laser system delivered 2 mJ, 80 fs duration laser pulses at a pulse repetition rate of 10 Hz. Various parameters such as pulse fluence, number of pulses, laser polarization, scan speed, and scan steps were optimized to obtain uniform subwavelength gratings. Energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy measurements were conducted to analyze the elemental composition of mirror surfaces before and after laser treatment. 相似文献
956.
Smith E Lally F Stone MA Shaw JS Nash GB Buckley CD Ed Rainger G 《Microscopy research and technique》2006,69(11):875-884
The use of fluorescent probes that allow visualization of leukocyte-endothelial cell (EC) interactions has greatly informed our understanding of leukocyte recruitment. However, effects of these agents on the biological functions of leukocytes are poorly described, leading to concerns about the interpretation of such data. Here we used two flow-based neutrophil adhesion assays to compare the effects of phase contrast illumination (PCI) with high intensity illumination (HII) used for fluorescent microscopy, in the presence or absence of five commonly used fluorochromes. Isolated neutrophils were either (1) perfused across P-selectin to establish a population of rolling cells, which were subsequently activated with fMLP; or (2) perfused across EC activated with TNF-alpha. In the absence of fluorescent dyes, HII did not affect levels of leukocyte adhesion; however, subsequent neutrophil behavior was dramatically altered when compared with cells under PCI, for example, dramatically reducing their migration velocities. In the presence of fluorescent dyes, the effects of HII were exacerbated, although the precise nature of the biological effects of these probes was agent specific. Thus, for the first time, our experiments describe the effects of fluorescent microscopy on the separate stages of the neutrophil recruitment process and reveal a previously unsuspected effect of HII on neutrophil migration. 相似文献
957.
Ruma Sen Bikash Choudhuri John Deb Barma Prasun Chakraborti 《Machining Science and Technology》2020,24(4):569-591
AbstractWire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is always significant for its high-precision machining. However, due to the generation of high discharge energy during machining, machined surfaces are often got distorted. These might be upgraded by choosing the correct tool with proper machining condition. The effects of the electrode materials and process parameters on different responses of WEDM like average surface roughness, recast layer thickness, and surface morphology are systematically examined here to enhance the knowledge of WEDM and its correlation with electrode property. The experiments have been carried out on one of the expensive steel namely Maraging steel 300 due to its applicability in tooling and aerospace industries. Plain brass wire, zinc-coated brass wire (ZCB), and silver-coated brass (SCB) wires are used as a tool electrode for analysis. Comparative experimental studies prove that among BW, ZCB, and SCB, the overall performance of SCB is commendable owing to the high-quality surface considering control parameters in low discharge energy level. However, the second-best performance is shown by ZCB. 相似文献
958.
John E. Rash Timothy J. A. Johnson C. Sue Hudson F. Dennis Giddings William F. Graham Mohyee E. Eldefrawi 《Journal of microscopy》1982,128(2):121-138
Three methods are described for direct post-fracture, post-shadow labelling of individual classes of intramembrane particles (IMPs) in freeze-fracture replicas of biological membranes. The P-face IMPs corresponding to the acetylcholine receptor complexes (AChRs) of vertebrate neuroeffector junctions are identified by post-replication labelling with ferritin-antibody complexes and with neurotoxin-biotin-avidin-colloidal gold affinity ligands. (The freeze-etch nomenclature of Branton et al., 1975, is used in this report.) These post-shadow labelling techniques resemble conventional en bloc labelling techniques except that the labelling reagents must penetrate a thin but discontinuous layer of platinum superimposed on the molecules of interest. In the ‘sectioned labelled-replica technique’, the replicated and labelled tissues are stained, embedded in plastic and sectioned parallel to the replica-tissue interfaces. In the direct ‘labelled-replica techniques’, the replicated and labelled samples are freeze-dried or critical point dried, the labelled surfaces are stabilized by carbon coating, and the underlying tissues are dissolved, allowing the labelled-replicas to be examined as conventional freeze-fracture replicas. The unshadowed side of each AChR IMP is shown to retain sufficient biochemical information to permit both immunospecific and neurotoxin specific labelling despite formaldehyde fixation, freezing, fracturing, platinum shadowing, and thawing in aqueous media. A new mixed ferricyanide-osmium staining method reveals electron opaque structures spanning the membrane bilayer in the same size, number and distribution as the labelled IMPs. These experiments demonstrate the feasibility of identifying individual IMPs in freeze-fracture replicas and may allow the identification of specific membrane lesions in human disease. 相似文献
959.
Praxedes-Neto OJ Borges BC Florêncio-Filho C Farias AC Drennan J De Lima KC 《Microscopy research and technique》2012,75(7):910-916
This study aimed to evaluate the in vivo remineralization of acid-etched enamel in non-brushing areas as influenced by fluoridated orthodontic adhesive and toothpaste. One hundred and twenty teeth from 30 volunteers were selected. The teeth were assigned to four treatments: no treatment (negative control); 37% phosphoric acid-etching (PAE) (positive control); PAE + resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC); and, PAE + composite resin. Patients brushed teeth with fluoridated (n = 15) or non-fluoridated (n = 15) toothpastes, so that etched enamel was protected with screens and it was not in contact with the brush bristles. Remineralization was evaluated by means of laser fluorescence (LF), environmental scanning electronic microscopy, and energy dispersive spectrometry after extraction. The LF means were compared by means of Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests. Environmental scanning electron microscopy scores were compared among the groups using a Kruskal Wallis test, whereas the Ca/P ratio was evaluated by means of an Analysis of Variance with subparcels (treatments) and Tukey's post-hoc test. There were no statistically significant differences between the tooth pastes and between the orthodontic adhesives evaluated. Most teeth presented only partial enamel remineralization. Therefore, the fluoride released by the RMGIC was not enough to cause increased crystal regrowth in the acid-etched enamel. The use of fluoridated toothpaste did not provide positive additional effect. 相似文献
960.
John P. Schroeter J. P. Bretaudiere Margaret A. Goldstein 《Microscopy research and technique》1991,18(3):296-304
We have shown previously that the small square (ss) and basket weave (bw) states of the Z band lattice in cardiac and skeletal muscle are related to the contractile state of the muscle. We have used two-dimensional image processing techniques on digitized electron micrographs to enhance the structural features of each projected lattice form in cardiac and skeletal muscle. Four different processing techniques were employed to assess the effect of enhancement artifacts on the resulting Z band images. We observed only slight differences between enhanced images of a particular Z band form produced by the four different techniques. Every enhanced image showed an approximate four-fold symmetry independent of muscle type or Z band lattice form. Each enhanced image showed four cross-connecting Z-filaments which appeared to connect each axial filament to the four nearest axial filaments. In bw images from both cardiac and skeletal muscle, axial filaments had a greater apparent diameter and a greater interaxial filament spacing than in the ss images. In both muscle types, the cross-connecting Z-filaments appeared to overlap half-way between axial filaments in the ss images while the bw images showed no such overlap. These structural features are consistent with a dynamic Z band lattice that participates in muscle contraction. 相似文献