Prevention of depressive symptoms in adolescents: A randomized trial of cognitive-behavioral and interpersonal prevention programs.

This study evaluated the efficacy of 2 programs for preventing depressive symptoms in adolescents. Participants were 380 high school students randomly assigned to a cognitive-behavioral program (CB), an interpersonal psychotherapy-adolescent skills training program (IPT-AST), or a no-intervention control. The interventions involved eight 90-min weekly sessions run in small groups during wellness classes. At postintervention, students in both the CB and IPT-AST groups reported significantly lower levels of depressive symptoms than did those in the no-intervention group, controlling for baseline depression scores; the 2 intervention groups did not differ significantly from each other. The effect sizes, using Cohen's d, for the CB intervention and the IPT-AST intervention were 0.37 and 0.26, respectively. Differences between control and intervention groups were largest for adolescents with high levels of depressive symptoms at baseline. For a high-risk subgroup, defined as having scored in the top 25th percentile on the baseline depression measure, the effect sizes for the CB and the IPT-AST interventions were 0.89 and 0.84, respectively. For the whole sample, sociotropy and achievement orientation moderated the effect of the interventions. Intervention effects were short term and were not maintained at 6-month follow-up. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The effect of early cognitions on cigarette and alcohol use during adolescence.

The present study predicts cigarette and alcohol use in adolescence from the development of children's cognitions in the elementary years. Using latent growth modeling, the authors examined a model using data from 712 participants in the Oregon Youth Substance Use Project, who were in the 2nd through 5th grade at the 1st assessment and followed for 6 annual or semiannual assessments over 7 years. Growth in children's prototypes and subjective norms in the elementary years (Times 1 through 4) were related to their substance use in adolescence (Time 6) through their willingness and intentions (Time 5) to smoke and drink. Across the sample, for both substances, the intercept and slope of prototypes were either indirectly related to use through willingness or directly related to use. Both the intercept and slope of subjective norms were indirectly related to use of both substances through both willingness and intentions and directly related to cigarette use. Results suggest that elementary children have measurable cognitions regarding substance use that develop during the elementary years and predict use later in adolescence. These findings emphasize the need for prevention programs targeted at changing children's social images of substance users and encouraging more accurate perceptions of peers' use. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

APC values and volatile compounds formed in commercially processed,raw chicken parts during storage at 4 and 13 °C and under simulated temperature abuse conditions

Skinless chicken breast fillets, thighs, wings and boneless breast with skin were selected from the production line of a commercial processor. Samples were evaluated over time in storage at 4 and 13 °C and under temperature abuse conditions for microbial proliferation and production of volatile compounds (VCs). Aerobic plate counts (APCs) were enumerated and VCs quantitated at 24 h storage intervals; however, APC increases were not reflected by significant correlations with headspace VCs. Compounds isolated from sample headspaces by solid phase microextraction (SPME) and direct headspace sampling and then analysed by gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography/chemiluminescence detection (GC/SCD) were hydrogen sulphide, methanethiol, ethanol, acetone, C5, C6 and C7 hydrocarbons, dimethyl sulphide, methyl ethyl ketone, carbon disulphide, 1‐propanol, ethyl acetate, 1‐butanol, S‐methyl thioacetate, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, dimethyl disulphide and dimethyl trisulphide. Compounds appearing in the samples with any degree of consistency and therefore considered pertinent for these analyses were ethanol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, ethyl acetate, hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulphide and carbon disulphide. Elevated APCs and VC diversity occurred more prevalently in those samples from higher‐temperature storage. Published in 2000 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improved geographic opportunistic routing protocol for void hole elimination in underwater IoTs: Parameter tuning by TSA optimization

Underwater IoT is incredibly helpful in monitoring a variety of jobs, from instrument monitoring to climate recording, from pollution management to natural catastrophe forecasting. Nevertheless, there exist various issues that have an impact on a network's efficiency such as the formation of void holes, excessive EC, and low PDR. As a result, the IGOR protocol is suggested in this study to increase PDR by reducing the percentage of void hole occurrence. The developed routing protocols' scalability is also examined. Here, the parameter optimization for the EC minimization and PDR maximization is performed by a meta-heuristic optimization algorithm referred to as TSA. In order to verify that the suggested protocol is EC-optimal by calculating the viable areas. In addition, suggested protocols are evaluated against contemporaries' benchmark routing protocols. The outcomes of the simulations clearly demonstrate that the suggested routing protocols obtained greater PDR than the current techniques. Additionally, there exists a reduction in the ratio of void hole incidence. Comparative research reveals that suggested routing protocols outperformed benchmark routing protocols by 80–81% in PDR. Further, the suggested routing procedures reduced the frequency of void holes by around 30%.     

Eskimo plasma constituents,dihomo-γ-linolenic acid,eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid inhibit the release of atherogenic mitogens

Studies in man and laboratory animals suggest that ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid consituents of fish oils have antiatherosclerotic properties. We have studied the effects of several such polyunsaturated fatty acids for ability to modify the in vitro release of mitogens from human platelets. Such mitogens may produce the fibroproliferative component of atherosclerotic plaques. Both 5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid (20∶5ω3) and 4,7,10,13,-16,19-docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6ω3), major constituents of fish oils, inhibited adenosine diphosphate-induced aggregation of platelets and the accompanying release of mitogens. These effects are dose dependent. Linolenic acid (18∶3ω3), the biosynthetic precursor of eicosapentaenoic acid, also inhibited platelet aggregation and mitogen release. Eicosapentaenoic acid also inhibited mitogen release from human monocyte-derived macrophages, which, in vivo, are an additional source of mitogens during atherogenesis. Potent inhibition of human platelet aggregation and mitogen release was also seen with dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid 20∶3ω6), whose levels are reportedly elevated in Eskimos subsisting on marine diets. We conclude that diets that elevate plasma and/or tissue levels of eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and dihomo-γ-linolenic acid precursor γ-linolenic acid (18∶3ω6) may exert antiatherosclerotic effects by inhibiting the release of mitogens from platelets and other cells.     

Influence of the Tool Shoulder Contact Conditions on the Material Flow During Friction Stir Welding

Friction stir welding (FSWing) is a solid-state joining process of special interest in joining alloys that are traditionally difficult to fusion weld. In order to optimize the process, various numeric modeling approaches have been pursued. Of importance to furthering modeling efforts is a better understanding of the contact conditions between the workpiece and the weld tool. Both theoretical and experimental studies indicate the contact conditions between the workpiece and weld tool are unknown, possibly varying during the FSW process. To provide insight into the contact conditions, this study characterizes the material flow in the FSW nugget by embedding a lead (Pb) wire that melted at the FSWing temperature of aluminum alloy 2195. The Pb trace provided evidence of changes in material flow characteristics which were attributed to changes in the contact conditions between the weld tool and workpiece, as driven by temperature, as the tool travels the length of a weld seam.     

Optimal orientation in flows: providing a benchmark for animal movement strategies

Animal movements in air and water can be strongly affected by experienced flow. While various flow-orientation strategies have been proposed and observed, their performance in variable flow conditions remains unclear. We apply control theory to establish a benchmark for time-minimizing (optimal) orientation. We then define optimal orientation for movement in steady flow patterns and, using dynamic wind data, for short-distance mass movements of thrushes (Turdus sp.) and 6000 km non-stop migratory flights by great snipes, Gallinago media. Relative to the optimal benchmark, we assess the efficiency (travel speed) and reliability (success rate) of three generic orientation strategies: full compensation for lateral drift, vector orientation (single-heading movement) and goal orientation (continually heading towards the goal). Optimal orientation is characterized by detours to regions of high flow support, especially when flow speeds approach and exceed the animal''s self-propelled speed. In strong predictable flow (short distance thrush flights), vector orientation adjusted to flow on departure is nearly optimal, whereas for unpredictable flow (inter-continental snipe flights), only goal orientation was near-optimally reliable and efficient. Optimal orientation provides a benchmark for assessing efficiency of responses to complex flow conditions, thereby offering insight into adaptive flow-orientation across taxa in the light of flow strength, predictability and navigation capacity.     

基于Akers社会学习理论的司机超速驾驶的影响因素研究

本研究基于Akers社会学习理论,通过对北京288名司机进行抽样调查,探索了各个社会学习变量对司机超速驾驶频次的影响。研究结果表明:Akers社会学习理论对于超速驾驶行为有着较好解释力。具体表现为,司机对超速驾驶态度将显著影响其超速驾驶行为的发生,而司机所处的社群以及其身边的家人和朋友对超速驾驶行为的态度显著影响其超速驾驶行为的发生;他们接触到身边越多的超速驾驶行为促使其超速驾驶;最后,司机预期超速驾驶行为所产生的积极后果作为差异强化变量之一,将显著提高其超速驾驶的频次。     

When lust is lost: Orthographic similarity effects in the encoding and reconstruction of rapidly presented word lists.

A reconstructive account of memory is presented to explain the finding that report of a word (C2) appearing in a rapidly presented list is reduced when it is orthographically similar to an earlier word (C1) in the list. By this account, the effect arises when the list is reconstructed from memory, not at the time of list presentation as proposed by accounts based on failure of encoding or tokenization. The reconstructive account is supported by a series of experiments that show a retroactive effect in which report of C1 is enhanced by similarity to C2; a nonword C1 can either interfere with or enhance report of C2, depending on how accurately C1 is encoded; manipulation of reconstructive processes can eliminate or enhance the effect of orthographic similarity; and a bidirectional trade-off in the report of an orthographically similar C1–C2 pair, whereby report of one member compromises report of the other. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)