In preparation towards future cellular networks: the detailed analysis of macro and micro site densification and sector densification

The next generation of cellular networks is expected to provide huge capacity, and site densification is one of the possible solution to increase the network capacity. The target of this paper is to show the impact of macro/micro site densification and higher order sectorization on signal strength, signal quality and throughput in LTE network. It also highlights the impact of site and sector densification on the cell overlapping and cell border areas. A detailed techno-economical analysis along with area power consumption and area spectral efficiency is also provided in this paper. In site densification, the intersite distance (ISD) between the base station sites is decreased, which results in strong inter cell interference. The results presented in this paper show that the spectral efficiency of the cell decreases with the site densification. However, the average area spectral efficiency increases due to a larger number of cells in the densified network. At the same time the number of cell border users overlapped by multiple servers also increases with the site and sector densification. It is shown that in one square kilometer, increasing the number of cells from 14 (3-sector site with 500 m ISD) to 693 (6-sector site with 100 m ISD) relatively improves the area spectral efficiency by 24.5 times at the cost of 49.5 times more number of cells. Almost identical power efficiency is provided with 3-, and 6-sector site. However, a higher order sectored site was found to be more cost efficient.     

Effects of submerged macrophytes on sediment resuspension and internal phosphorus loading in Lake Hiidenvesi (southern Finland)

The effects of submerged macrophytes on sediment resuspension and internal phosphorus loading in the shallow Kirkkoj?rvi basin of Lake Hiidenvesi were studied by sedimentation traps and sediment and water samples. During the 83 d study period, 793 g DW m(-2) of sediment was resuspended within the stand formed by Ranunculus circinatus, Ceratophyllum demersum and Potamogeton obtusifolius. Outside the stand, 1701g DW m(-2) sediment resuspension was measured during the same period. Water turbidity and concentration of suspended solids (SS) were significantly lower within the plant bed compared with the surrounding water area. Despite the higher concentration of inorganic suspendoids, the concentration of chlorophyll a was higher in the open water than within the submerged plant bed, owing to the enhanced nutrient recycling rate in the absence of submerged plants. With the resuspended sediment, 11.8 mg Pm(-2)d(-1) was brought into the water column within the stand and 24.5 mg Pm(-2)d(-1) outside the stand. Within the macrophyte stand, resuspended particles absorbed phosphorus from the water (indicated by the inverse relationship between SS and soluble reactive phosphorus), which was probably connected to the lowered phosphorus concentration of surface sediment due to uptake by macrophytes.     

Effect of Oat Bran Fractions on Extrudates Made of Defatted Oats

Food and Bioprocess Technology - Oats are rich in dietary fibre (DF) especially in β-glucan which has several health-promoting effects. Oats are not commonly used in extruded snacks because...     

Effect of sodium citrate, carboxymethyl cellulose and carrageenan levels on quality characteristics of low-salt and low-fat bologna type sausages

Quality characteristics of low-salt bologna-type sausage manufactured with sodium citrate (NAC), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and carrageenan (CAR) were examined. Three levels of salt, NAC, CMC and CAR, and two levels of fat were used. Batter and sausage pH values were measured and the frying loss of sausages was analysed by frying slices in an electric grill. Firmness, juiciness, saltiness and flavour intensity of the sausages were sensorically evaluated. Altogether 20 separate sausage batches were prepared. In low-salt sausages containing less than 1.4% NaCl, the use of NAC, CAR and CMC decreased frying loss and increased saltiness. NAC and CAR also increased flavour intensity, but CMC did not. Furthermore, NAC, CAR and CMC increased the firmness of the low-salt sausage, while only NAC increased juiciness when the NaCl content was below 1.4%. NAC increases, however, the sodium content of the product. Therefore, it can be concluded that in low-salt sausages no additive alone is suitable. A mixture of NAC and CAR appears to be the best combination.     

Facts and fiction: Some aspects regarding the design of digital television cameras using CCD image sensors

The architecture of CCD sensors and their relationship to digital processing of images requires a re-examination of traditional analog signal processing conventions. Digital processing now requires different methods of analysis and processing in areas such as frequencv response, noise, and scanning techniques. The purpose of this paper is to encourage researchers and engineers to forget some of the traditional analog practices and have them step up to the future with an open mind.©1994 John Wiley & Sons Inc     

Estimation of effective refractive index of birefringent particles using a combination of the immersion liquid method and light scattering

A method to detect the effective refractive index and concentration of birefringent pigments is suggested. The method is based on the utilization of the immersion liquid method and a multifunction spectrophotometer for the measurement of back scattered light. The method has applications in the measurement of the effective refractive index of pigments that are used, e.g., in the paper industry to improve the opacity of paper products.     

A Bayesian Approach to Modelling Graphical Vector Autoregressions

Abstract. We introduce a Bayesian approach to model assessment in the class of graphical vector autoregressive processes. As a result of the very large number of model structures that may be considered, simulation‐based inference, such as Markov chain Monte Carlo, is not feasible. Therefore, we derive an approximate joint posterior distribution of the number of lags in the autoregression and the causality structure represented by graphs using a fractional Bayes approach. Some properties of the approximation are derived and our approach is illustrated on a four‐dimensional macroeconomic system and five‐dimensional air pollution data.     

Screw optimization of a co-rotating twin-screw extruder for a binary immiscible blend

The effect of the screw configuration of a closely intermeshing co-rotating twin-screw extruder on residence time and mixing efficiency was studied for an uncompatibilized immiscible PA6/PP (80:20) bend. Alternative screw configurations were investigated systematically. The residence time distribution (RTD) was found to be a poor indicator of the total mixing efficiency, whereas the mixing intensity function yielded considerably better information. High shear stress, sufficient residence time, and high fill ratio in the melting section of the screw were the most important factors in achieving good dispersion of the minor phase. The evolution of morphology along the screw axis depended strongly on the screw configuration. The downstream flow characteristics after the screw end determined the final morphology of the blend.