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91.
The objectives of this research are to identify the membrane fouling potential due to different fractions of NOM and correlate
the physicochemical properties of NOM and membranes with the adsorption of humic substances on membrane and investigate the
mechanism of coagulation affecting UF, and find the optimum conditions of the combined of coagulation with UF membrane filtration
for NOM removal. For Nakdong river water, the humic acid fraction was the most reactive precursor fraction for the formation
of the ratio of THMFP/DOC (STHMFP) and TOXFP/DOC (STOXFP). The result of adsorption kinetics tests showed that hydrophobic
organics adsorbed much more quickly than hydrophilic organics on both membranes. Thus, hydrophobic compounds exhibited a preferential
adsorption onto membrane. In case of the effect of membrane properties on the adsorption of organic fractions, the adsorption
ratio (C1/Ce) was greater for the hydrophobic membrane than for the hydrophilic membrane regardless of the kind of organic fractions.
For combined coagulation with membrane process, flux reduction rate showed lower than the UF process alone. Also, the rate
of flux decline for the hydrophobic membrane was considerably greater than for the hydrophilic membrane. Applying the coagulation
process before membrane filtration showed not only reduced membrane fouling, but also improved removal of dissolved organic
materials that might otherwise not be removed by the membrane. That is, during the mixing period, substantial changes in particle
size distribution occurred under rapid and slow mixing conditions due to the simultaneous formation of microflocs and NOM
precipitates. Therefore, combined pretreatment using coagulation (both rapid mixing and slow mixing) improved not only dissolved
organic removal efficiency but also DBP (Disinfection By-Product) precursor's removal efficiency. 相似文献
92.
Free radical solution polymerization of styrene has been studied using a binary mixture of symmetrical bifunctional initiators in a filled tubular reactor packed with static mixers. Owing to intensive radial mixing induced by the static mixers, a near plug flow pattern was obtained in the reactor with some axial dispersion effect. The axial mass dispersion coefficient was determined from the residence time distribution experiment and a dynamic axial dispersion model has been developed and solved to investigate steady state and transient behavior of the filled tubular reactor. With a solvent volume fraction of 0.3, the monomer conversion up to 70% was obtained without fouling problems in the temperature range 90 to 120°C. The experimental filled tubular reactor was operated under various reaction conditions and a reasonably good agreement between the model and the experimental data was obtained without using any adjustable parameters. 相似文献
93.
The thermal and thermomechanical properties of two series of poly(ethylene oxide) networks (NPEOs) were investigated as a function of the chain length between crosslink sites (Mc) and the concentration of LiClO4 (CL) in the NPEOs. The two series of networks were produced with silica and organic crosslinking agents and, therefore, had crosslink sites of different natures: one was an inorganic silicate network (silica NPEO), and the other was an organic polar group (organic NPEO). The crosslink sites in both series of networks were commonly covalently bonded to the poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) phase through a urethane group in the NPEOs. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) of the PEO phases in the NPEOs, according to differential scanning calorimetry, increased with a decrease in Mc and were higher in the silica NPEOs than in the organic NPEOs under the same Mc conditions. The difference in Tg between the two series of networks with the same Mc values increased with decreasing Mc. These results suggested that the interaction of crosslink sites with the PEO phase was stronger in the silica NPEOs than in the organic NPEOs. The addition of LiClO4 to the NPEOs resulted in Tg of the PEO phase in the NPEOs being elevated and increased according to the increase in CL. The increase of Tg of the PEO phase according to the increase of CL in the NPEOs was retarded or saturated at high values of CL, and this indicated that the limit of solubility of the salt in the polymer was attained. The retardation or saturation of the increase of Tg was also observed in dynamic mechanical analyses. The curves of the loss factor tan δ and temperatures from the dynamic mechanical analyses for the NPEOs with high values of CL showed shoulders or double peaks indicating the existence of the second phase in the polymer networks. In the curves of tan δ for salt‐complexed NPEOs with high values of CL, silica NPEOs showed a shoulder of low intensity, but organic NPEOs showed a distinguished second peak becoming stronger with increasing CL. The results of the Tg behavior and tan δ curves suggested that the salt solubility in the NPEOs was limited and that the salt solubility of PEO in the silica NPEOs was higher than that in the organic NPEOs. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 270–277, 2003 相似文献
94.
Chlorinated isotactic polypropylenes (CPP) having various chlorine contents were blended with poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)s (EVA) having various vinyl acetate (VA) contents. The blends were made by casting films from dilute THF solutions and miscibility of the blends was identified by single glass transition temperature, which was confirmed by DSC and dynamic mechanical measurements. Based on the miscibility data from a large number of CPP/EVA combinations, a miscibility map was depicted where CO equivalent weight (CO-EQW) of EVA was plotted against chlorine equivalent weight (Cl-EQW) of CPP. Though an attractive interaction between CPP and EVA could be detected in all the miscible and immiscible blend pairs, miscibility of the CPP/EVA blends could solely be observed in a relatively narrow range of Cl-EQW ca. 65–100 and CO-EQW ca. 170–230. 相似文献
95.
High‐performance shape‐memory polyurethane block copolymers, prepared with two types of poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG) used as soft segments, were investigated for their mechanical properties. Copolymers with a random or block soft‐segment arrangement had higher stresses at break and elongations at break than those with only one kind of PTMG. Random copolymers with fewer interchain interactions showed higher elongation than block copolymers. All the copolymers had shape‐recovery ratios higher than 80%. In dynamic mechanical testing, the glass‐transition behavior clearly depended on the soft‐segment arrangement: random copolymers had only one glass‐transition peak, whereas block copolymers showed two separate glass‐transition peaks. Overall, the control of the soft‐segment arrangement plays a vital role in the development of high‐performance shape‐memory polyurethane. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2410–2415, 2004 相似文献
96.
The effects of reaction temperature, pressure and residence time were investigated with a flow apparatus. Cellobiose decomposition
kinetics and products in suband supercritical water were examined at temperatures from 320 to 420 °C at pressures from 25
to 40 MPa, and at residence times within 3 sec. Cellobiose was found to decompose via hydrolysis and pyrolysis. The yield
of desired hydrolysis product, glucose, was the maximum value of 36.8% at 320 °C, 35 MPa, but the amount of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural
(HMF), fermentation inhibitor increased too because residence time increased in the subcritical region owing to decrease of
reaction rate. Meanwhile, though the yield of glucose is low in the supercritical region, the yield of HMF decreased compared
with the subcritical region; and at the minimum yield of HMF (380 °C, 25 MPa), the yield of glucose was 21.4%. The decomposition
of cellobiose followed first-order kinetics and the activation energy for the decomposition of cellobiose was 51.05 kJ/mol
at 40MPa. 相似文献
97.
Yong?An?Jung Du?Young?Choi Seung?Bum?Hong Kyung?Ho?RowEmail author 《Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering》2003,20(4):705-708
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography was successfully developed for the simultaneous and rapid separation for the main whey proteins, α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin. This method consisted of a linear gradient of the two mobile phases of 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in water and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in acetonitrile. The total run time for this separation was approximately 30 min, and α-Lactalbumin was eluted followed byβ- Lactoglobulin. The injection volume was fixed at 20 μl and the flow rate was 1 ml 1/min. The optimum mobile phase composition and gradient conditions to separate α-Lactalbumin and β-Lactoglobulin (A+B) were experimentally obtained at the 15 μm particle with a pore size of 300 Å on the linear-gradient mode. 相似文献
98.
Jin Young Kim Hyun Suk Jung Kug Sun Hong 《Journal of the American Ceramic Society》2005,88(3):784-787
The influences of acetic acid addition to Mg-methoxide on the stability of the precursor and the crystallization behavior of sol–gel-derived MgO nano-powders and thin films were investigated using X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetry. The addition of acetic acid enhanced the stability of the alkoxide against precipitation. Moreover, during postheat treatment of the gel powders treated with acetic acid, a significantly lowered crystallization temperature (250°C) was observed as compared to the untreated counterpart (350°C). The low-temperature crystallization of MgO, induced by the modification of Mg-methoxide with acetic acid, was related to the decomposition of organics at a lower temperature. These results could be explained in terms of the decrease of the O–R bond strength depending on the increase in the alkyl group size. MgO thin films having a high degree of crystallinity were successfully obtained from the Mg-methoxide treated with acetic acid at 300°C. The low-temperature crystallization of sol–gel-derived MgO thin films showed the feasibility for their application as a protective layer in alternative current plasma display panel cells. 相似文献
99.
G. R. Agladze G. S. Tsurtsumia B. -I. Jung J. -S. Kim G. Gorelishvili 《Journal of Applied Electrochemistry》2007,37(9):985-990
The technological and economic aspects of using the Fenton process to treat industrial wastewater containing morpholyne and
diethylethanolamine, as well as sodium salts of naphthalene sulfonic acid and of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid based on
data obtained in pilot tests are discussed. Chemical Fenton technology was tested using commercial 30–35% solutions of H2O2 and iron (II) salts, which was followed by the additional electrochemical destruction of organic pollutants in an undivided
reactor with catalytic stable anodes (CSA) and 1 g L−1 NaCl as a supporting electrolyte and a source of active chlorine. An alternative electrochemical method involving the electrogeneration
of hydrogen peroxide in polluted water at the gas
-diffusion cathode was studied both with the addition of ferrous salt to the electrolyte prior to electrolysis (in-cell electro-Fenton)
as well as with the post-electrolysis addition of Fe2+ in another reactor (ex-cell electro-Fenton). The accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in concentrations sufficient for the mineralization
of organic pollutants was achieved in both cases with near 100% current efficiency. In comparison with wastewater treatment
processes which use a purchased hydrogen peroxide reagent, the Fenton-like processes achieved an economic savings of as much
as 64.5% in running costs due to the on-site electrochemical generation of H2O2. Preparative electrolysis in the membrane reactor showed higher current efficiencies and lower specific energy consumptions
for H2O2 electrogeneration in comparison with the results of tests carried out in an undivided cell. 相似文献
100.
Momoji Kubo Tsuguo Kubota Changho Jung Minako Ando Satoshi Sakahara Kenji Yajima Kotaro Seki Rodion Belosludov Akira Endou Seiichi Takami Akira Miyamoto 《Catalysis Today》2004,89(4):479-493
Recently, we introduced a concept of combinatorial chemistry to computational chemistry and proposed a new method called “combinatorial computational chemistry”, which enables us to perform a theoretical high-throughput screening of catalysts. In the present paper, we reviewed our recent application of our combinatorial computational chemistry approach to the design of new catalysts for high-quality transportation fuels. By using our combinatorial computational chemistry techniques, we succeeded to predict new catalysts for methanol synthesis and Fischer–Tropsch synthesis. Moreover, we have succeeded in the development of chemical reaction dynamics simulator based on our original tight-binding quantum chemical molecular dynamics method. This program realizes more than 5000 times acceleration compared to the regular first-principles molecular dynamics method. Electronic- and atomic-level information on the catalytic reaction dynamics at reaction temperatures significantly contributes the catalyst design and development. Hence, we also summarized our recent applications of the above quantum chemical molecular dynamics method to the clarification of the methanol synthesis dynamics in this review. 相似文献