Mechanical Packing of Spherical Particles

An idealized experimental study of particle packing was made. Spherical metal shot of several discrete, narrow size ranges was efficiently packed in glass containers by mechanical vibration. Packing arrangements and the dynamic process of packing were studied visually. One-size spheres packed in an orthorhombic arrangement with a density 62.5% of theoretical density. Forming of high-density multicomponent packings was shown to require at least a sevenfold difference between sphere sizes of the individual components. A quaternary packing with a density 95.1% of theoretical density was formed from spheres with diameter ratios 1:7:38:316 and volume compositions 6.1:10.2:23.0:60.7%, respectively. Such packings could be poured from their glass containers, thus proving that effective mechanical packing is simply an efficient arrangement of spheres of prescribed sizes and proportions. The significance and utility of this work to the ceramic and other industries is discussed.     

Chlorination of polystyrene

Chlorination of a low molecular weight polystyrene in the α position was studied by following changes in the infrared spectrum, glass transition temperature, and molecular weights of the polymer. The logarithm of the absorbance ratio at 2920 and 1500 cm^?1 as a function of mole per cent chlorination was linear. The glass transition temperatures, determined by use of a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), were found to obey an equation developed by Dyvik for copolymers. The molecular weight of the chlorinated polystyrene decreased as a function of chlorination.     

Dynamic gas disengagement: A new technique for assessing the behaviour of bubble columns

A precise measure of the liquid motion and distribution of bubble sizes is essential for designing gas-liquid reactors for complex reactions in which product distribution may be a function of bubble size. A theoretical approach is presented which shows how the interaction of bubble size distribution and bubble rise velocity functions leads to predictions of the overall steady state hold-up in a bubble column within which the liquid flow is understood. Since this approach is based on a physical understanding of how bubble flow at a given superficial velocity must relate to the static hold-up, the theory can be immediately extended to describe the disengagement of gas bubbles if the gas feed is cut off. Thus the dynamic gas hold-up during gas disengagement can be used to provide new insights into the fundamentals of bubble column behaviour. In this way it becomes possible in principle to inter-relate macroscopic properties such as surface area, gas phase residence time distribution and intensity of mixing in the liquid phase.A new experimental technique is described which measures the dynamic gas hold-up during gas disengagement Experimental results at a nominal 20 mm/s gas superficial velocity are compared with various approaches based upon the theory. The effects of the accompanying induced liquid movements are represented by a simplified core-annulus circulation model. Bubble size distributions and liquid circulation can then be related to both the static and dynamic hold-up behaviour. It is shown that ambiguity due to uncertainty about the relative differences in bubble size distribution in upflow and downflow regions can be resolved from a knowledge of the surface area.     

Determination of particle size distribution in a modified hop extract emulsion by electrical resistivity

A procedure has been developed which is suitable for the evaluation of particle size distribution in emulsions of modified hop extracts. A Coulter Counter Model A and a Coulter Counter Model B equipped with a Model M Data Converter were used to assess the weight percent distribution of particles smaller than 10 μm in diameter. The influences of electrolyte concentration, length of analysis, and concentration of the hop extract particles were factors affecting the reproducibility of the study. It was found that identical distribution curves could be obtained with either instrument. The Model B Coulter Counter with the Model M Data Converter is preferred since weight fractions are provided directly and lengthy calculation procedures are eliminated. Coincidence correction on particle counts was unnecessary under the controlled conditions of the analysis.     

The effect of fine grinding of quartz sand and felspar on the properties of semiporcelain

Glass and Ceramics -     

Effect of thermal hysteresis on the gas permeation properties of 6FDA‐based polyimides

The effect of thermal hysteresis on the polymer chain packing and permeation properties of two 6FDA‐based polyimide isomers was investigated. Thermal quenching resulted in a small increase in the fractional free volume of the polyimides with respect to the samples that had been annealed. Quenching from above the glass‐transition temperature also resulted in larger increases in the permeabilities for both 6FDA–6FmDA and 6FDA–6FpDA with respect to annealed samples. Meta‐connected 6FDA–6FmDA exhibited a larger increase in the permeability after quenching than the para‐connected isomer, 6FDA–6FpDA. This larger increase in the permeability for 6FDA–6FmDA may have been due to differences in the effects of the increases in the free volume on the intersegmental resistance to chain motions. Although physical aging over a 3‐month period resulted in a reduction in the permeability of quenched samples of 6FDA–6FpDA, the quenched samples maintained higher permeabilities than the annealed samples. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 1174–1182, 2004     

Fluor SOx净化工艺--为俄罗斯绿色环境开发的将SO2转化为元素硫的经济技术

Fluor公司开发的Fluor SO_2净化工艺具有广泛多样的工艺布局,可以通过经济的方式定制脱除烟气中的有害组成。该工艺几乎能去除全部SO_2并减少CO排放。Fluor SO_x净化工艺的主要步骤已在多套工业装置中得到成功的证实。除技术可行、经济合理之外,Fluor SO_x净化工艺不会产生任何有害副产物,也不会遇到与SO_3 有关的腐蚀问题。此外,该工艺生产高纯度可市售的元素硫。论述了Fluor SO_x净化工艺的特征、技术和成本优势、设计和操作的简易性以及实施的便利性。     

On-line process control of a fluidized bed reactor with non-catalytic gas/solid reaction

In a bench-scale, stainless steel reactor, experiments were carried out to investigate fluidized bed behavior by means of on-line process control. The non-catalytic thermal decomposition of sodium hydrogen carbonate to sodium carbonate, carbon dioxide and water was used a model reaction. The experimental equipment was provided with control systems and reulating units which were connected to a PDP 11/40 computer by means of suitable analogue and digital input/output interfaces. The operating conditions are highly influenced by the chemical reaction as well as by the fluid-dynamical behavior of the reactor. Several experiments were carried out to evaluate the kinetics of the model reaction. The fluid-dynamics was investigated by means of on-line experiments with and without chemical reaction. Based on the experimental results, a model was developed to describe the whole process so that model simulations should yield information on the process itself. With this model, strategies are tested before they are applied to the process computer for on-line process control.