LIQUID-LIQUID EXTRACTION OF MOLYBDENUM(VI) FROM AQUEOUS ACID SOLUTIONS BY HIGH-MOLECULAR WEIGHT AMINES

The extraction of molybdenum(VI) from hydrochloric, nitric and sulphuric acid solutions by trioctyl-amine and tricaprylmethylannnonium chloride in benzene has been investigated under various conditions. The equiliblium expressions are proposed on the basis of the distribution data.     

Side-wall effect of runner casing on performance of Darrieus-type hydro turbine with inlet nozzle for extra-low head utilization

A ducted Darrieus-type turbine has been proposed for hydropower utilization of extra-low head less than 2 m.Though the hydro turbine system,in general,might consist of an intake,runner casing section and a draft tube for higher efficiency operation,it was clarified in previous experiment that there was no need of the side-walls of runner casing section and a draft-tube for keeping the efficiency high in the case of duct with an inlet nozzle.This would yield a simplification of the structure of the turbine s...     

ELASTIC MODULUS of ORANGE JUICE ICE

The elastic modulus of orange juice ice as well as pure water ice was measured at temperatures between ? 10°C and ? 196°C by compression tests. the elastic modulus of pure water ice was almost constant in the whole range of the tested temperatures: 5.6 × 10⁹ N/m² at ? 196°C and 4.0 × 10⁹ N/m² at ? 10°C. In contrast, the elastic modulus of orange juice ice changed greatly with temperature: 11 × 10⁹ N/m² at ? 196°C and 0.2 × 10⁹ N/m² at ? 10°C. Orange juice ice was considered to consist of pure water ice particles which are dispersed in a matrix of concentrated amorphous solution (CAS). the elastic modulus of CAS was calculated using an equation for a disperse system.     

Observation of biological materials by X-ray photoelectron-conversion contact microscopy

Dried biological specimens, such as fossil diatoms, collagen, nerve tissue and spicule of Trepang, were observed by X-ray photoelectron-conversion contact microscopy. A spatial resolution of 0·2 μm was attained. The fossil diatom image shows a clear difference below and above the carbon K-absorption edge (4·46nm).     

RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SENSORY ASSESSMENT AND RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF COSMETIC CREAMS*

One hundred and forty-four untrained judges ranked O/W creams on consistency, spreadability, and stickiness or tackiness, and the results were correlated with rheological characteristics obtained from flow curves. The ranking order for consistency corresponded, for all practical purposes, to the ranking order for shear stress needed to break down the internal structure of the sample (shear rates of 44 s^-1 or less). The ranking for spreadability was related to plastic viscosity at 26–32°C. The judges showed poor agreement on the ranking for stickiness (tackiness) and no clear-cut relationship could be obtained between this property and rheological parameters. Consumer preference favored the sample with the highest consistency.     

Dynamic-type CMOS four-valued logic circuits

We first briefly introduce the various kinds of basic CMOS four-valued logic circuit that can be suitably employed for circuits with clock pulses. Using these, the design of multiple-valued MAX and MIN circuits with many inputs, each of which has two quaternary figures, are developed. It is shown that the number of MOS transistors required for these circuits can be reduced in comparison to binary circuits having equivalent functions. Successful simulation results using SPICE-2 for the circuit operations are given.     

A ONE-DIMENSIONAL STRESS PULSE PROPAGATION MODEL FOR CRYO-COMMINUTION of AGGLOMERATED GRANULES INTO INDIVIDUAL GRANULES

An elementary theory of stress pulse propagation was applied to a one-dimensional mathematical model for cryo-comminution of agglomerated granules into individual granules. an assembly of granules is approximated by a bar constructed with blocks stuck together. When an impulsive loading is given at one end of the bar, a compressive stress pulse generates there and propagates through the bar. When it survives after transmitting through the interfaces between blocks and reaches the opposite free end, the compressive stress pulse turns into a tensile stress. This tensile stress causes separation of the block located farthest away from the loading end, provided the intensity of the stress pulse exceeds the tensile strength of the material. the model successfully explained the experiment on shattering orange juice ice as well as frozen citrus fruit.     

Immunochemical Properties of Proteins Glycosylated Through Maillard Reaction: β-Lactoglobulin-Lactose and Ovalbumin-Glucose Systems

β-Lactoglobulin and ovalbumin were glycosylated through Maillard reaction with glucose and lactose, respectively. The immunoreactivity between β-lactoglobulin-lactose and its specific antibody was inhibited strongly by free galactose and lactose, whereas free glucose did not at all inhibit the reaction between ovalbumin-glucose and its specific antibody. Furthermore, the antibody directed against β-lactoglobulin-lactose reacted also with other lactosylated proteins but the antibody to ovalbumin-glucose had no reactivity with the other proteins glycosylated with glucose, indicating that lactose attached to carrier proteins through Maillard reaction could be a hapten-like antigen but glucose could not.