Maternal attitudes and child-feeding practices: relationship with the BMI of Chilean children

Background  

Chile has experienced the nutritional transition due to both social and economic progress. As a consequence, higher rates of overweight and obesity have been observed in children. In western countries, researchers have tried to determine pathways by which parents influence their children's eating behavior; up to now findings have been inconsistent. The objective of this study was to evaluate the cross-sectional and retrospective relationship between maternal attitudes and child-feeding practices and children's weight status in children who had been subject of an obesity prevention intervention for two years.     

Obesity, an unresolved challenge in Chile

Socioeconomic and demographic changes in Chile, have modified its epidemiological profile. At the present time, the most important public health problems are non communicable chronic diseases, specially cardiovascular ailments. The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors has also increased and obesity stands out. This review analyzes the present situation of obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors of nutritional origin, in Chile, and proposes intervention alternatives. At the present time 7% preschool children, 12% of school children, 24% of pregnant women, 10% of male adults and 24% of female adults are obese. This higher prevalence is even more pronounced in women of low socioeconomic level. Risk factors associated to obesity are an inadequate diet, with a higher consumption of fats and refined foods, sedentariness and hyperlipidemia. Primary and secondary care strategies must be devised to face this growing problem.     

Basic principles in treatment of endophthalmitis

The therapy of infectious endophthalmitis remain a controversial issue because progression and suboptimal outcome occur despite bacteriologic cure of the intraocular infection. The irreversible tissue destruction during the inflammatory process may result largely from a secondary host inflammatory response. However, adjunctive treatment with immunosuppressive agents may interfere with the ability of the immune system to eliminate the microorganisms. We discuss diagnostic means, therapy and options of adjunctive immunosuppression in the therapy of infectious endophthalmitis. Furthermore, we report on our clinical experience in patients with endogenous and exogenous infectious bacterial and mycotic endophthalmitis with combined treatment using high doses of steroids.     

Defining the Post-Machined Sub-surface in Austenitic Stainless Steels

Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A - Austenitic stainless steels grades, with differences in chemistry, stacking fault energy, and thermal conductivity, were subjected to vertical milling....     

Shrinkage-Stress Assisted Diffusion Bonds Between Titanium and Stainless Steel: A Novel Technique

Journal of Materials Engineering and Performance - Diffusion bonding of high-strength titanium (Ti) to stainless steel (SS) (i.e., transition joint of lap configuration) is designed and assessed...     

Synthesis of magnetite by coprecipitation and sintering and its characterization

Magnetite powder was synthesized via chemical co-precipitation method using FeCl₃?·?6H₂O and FeCl₂?·?4H₂O as salts and ammonium hydroxide (25% NH₄OH) solution as precipitating agent. The phases, composition and morphology of the magnetite was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro laser Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The XRD and Raman studies confirmed the formation of magnetite phase only. The results showed that the particles were properly crystallized with no other impurity. Very fine and non-uniform powder sizes were observed even after sieving operation. The magnetite particles were also characterized after sintering the powder at 1100°C, grinding and sieving. The resultant powder size in the range of 105–125?µm was obtained. After sintering, magnetite peaks got sharpened due to increase in the crystallite size. Raman peaks even at a higher laser power were observed for magnetite that were absent before sintering. Hematite peaks observed for the un-sintered powder at higher laser power was attributed to oxidation by laser radiation/heat. Efficiency of the co-precipitation process (before sintering) was established to be ～85%.     

豆腐废水多糖功能性质研究及其开发

本文研究了由豆腐废水中提取获得多糖的功能性质(如吸水性、吸油性、容重、起泡性、乳化性)和作为微胶囊壁材在食品配料方面的应用。结果表明,多糖中蛋白质含量在一定程度上影响其功能性质,因此,脱脂芝麻粉和脱脂大豆粉的功能性质优于多糖粗品、水溶性多糖和高分子量多糖。多糖的微胶囊效率可达９３．０４%。     

Development of solvent extraction process for erbium purification

A solvent extraction process based on organophosphorus extractant EHEHPA has been developed to raise the purity of erbium from ~20 to >85% in the product solution. The challenging task of upgrading erbium value in a host of chemically similar heavy rare earths present in a concentrate (% composition: Dy₂O₃: 58.72, Er₂O₃: 21.45, Ho₂O_3: 13.33, Tm₂O₃: 0.67, Yb₂O₃: 4.74 and Y₂O₃: 1.09) was accomplished by careful selection of process parameters such as aqueous feed acidity, EHEHPA concentration, total rare earths concentration in feed solution, phase ratio, scrubbing agent, and so forth. Under optimised conditions, a multi-stage counter-current and scrubbing test runs raised the purity of erbium to >85% with >95% recovery in the product strip solution. Amongst the various scrubbing agent, 0.025M Er₂O₃ at 1.2M HCl was found to be superior.     

The Role of Cadastral Surveys and Maps in Land Settlement from England

The role of surveying and mapping the landscapes of colonial settlement is discussed. Cadastral maps (maps of landed property) have been used since the end of the Middle Ages by individuals and institutions to establish title to land. From the 17th century, cadastral maps were used by state governments in both the Old and New Worlds to organize, control and record the settlement of 'empty' landscapes. Maps were the instruments that enabled the settlement ideals of colonial governments to be realized. These ranged from the encouragement of large plantations, as on the southern seaboard of North America, to individual proprietorship of holdings disposed with the regularity of the grid, as with the federal land disposals of the USA. They also encompassed the strict limitation of land availability in order to establish a capitalist society with farmers and wage labourers, as in the Wakefield settlements of Australia and New Zealand.     

Comparing Reactivation Behavior of TIG and Laser Beam Welded Alloy 690

The nickel base Alloy 690 was subjected to simulated autogenous welding treatment employing two different techniques, laser beam welding (LBW) and tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding. The resultant weld fusion zone (WFZ) and heat-affected zone (HAZ) were compared by studying the reactivation behavior. The chromium depletion effect was assessed by measuring the degree of sensitization (DOS) from the electrochemical potentiodynamic reactivation (EPR) test. A double-loop EPR test for Alloy 690 was employed to measure the DOS at different regions of weldments by masking the remaining regions. The results clearly demonstrated that Alloy 690 showed no sensitization in the parent material and the WFZ region of both TIG and laser weldments. However, it exhibited reactivation in the HAZ region of both the weldments. The DOS values measured for Alloy 690 were very low for all the regions of the LBW weldment as compared to that in the TIG weldment. The HAZ region of the LBW weldment showed the highest DOS value in any region of the weldment but even this value was quite low indicating absence of sensitization in LBW weldment. The attack along the grain boundaries for the weldments after EPR experiments were studied using optical and scanning electron microscopy.