Entropy analysis in a second-grade nanoliquid influenced by an exponential space-dependent heat source and Arrhenius activation energy

Addressing the second-grade nanofluid flow over a porous stretching sheet based on entropy generation is done in this study. In the mathematical modeling, the revised Buongiorno model is utilized. Employing exponential space-dependent heat generation and Heat transfer subject to melting effect is implemented. Energy and concentration expressions are retained based on the impact of activation energy, Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation. Implementation of solutions for a standard transformation, governing equations, and the numerical procedure is done. Several governing parameters are discussed based on the effect of comprehensive effects of the flow region. A thicker thermal boundary layer is obtained by increasing the magnetic strength and Brownian movement. Thermophoresis increases similarly while the trend takes place, and for the melting parameter, the reverse order is noted. Melting parameter increases with increase in entropy generation rate and Brinkman number increases with reduction in Bejan number. In the literature, it is found that the situation is limited for the obtained results in the model. Higher entropy generation rates are exhibited for the demonstration of magnetic force. From the results, it is observed that the design parameters will consequently optimize the heat transfer in the assessment of industrial processes.     

Yield, composition and rheological characteristics of cheddar cheese made with high pressure processed milk

High Pressure (HP) treatment of milk prior to cheese-making was shown to increase the yield of cheese due to increased protein and moisture retention in cheese. Cheeses were made with raw milk or milk treated with high temperature short-time (HTST) pasteurization, and HP treatments at two levels (483 and 676 MPa) at 10 °C, 483 MPa HP at 30 °C, and 483 MPa HP at 40 °C. Cheese yield, total solids, protein, fat and salt contents were evaluated, and fat and protein recovery indices were calculated. Cheeses from HP treatments of 676 MPa at 10 °C and 483 MPa at 30 °C exhibited wet yields of 11.40% and 11.54%, respectively. Protein recovery was 79.9% for HP treatment of 676 MPa at 10 °C. The use of slightly higher pressurization temperatures increased moisture retention in cheese. Visco-elasticity of cheeses was determined by dynamic oscillatory testing and a creep-recovery test. Rheological parameters such as loss (G″) and storage (G′) moduli were dependent on oscillation frequency. At high (173 rad/s) and low (2.75 rad/s) angular frequencies, cheeses made from milk treated at 483 MPa at 10 °C behaved more solid-like than other treatments. Creep tests indicated that cheeses from milk treated with 483 MPa HP at 10 °C showed the smallest instantaneous compliance (J_o), confirming the more solid-like behavior of cheese from the 483 MPa at 10 °C treatment compared to the behavior of cheeses from other treatments. Cheeses made with pasteurized milk were more deformable, exhibited less solid-like behavior than cheeses made with HP treated milk, as shown by the J_o value. With more research into bacteriological implications, HP treatment of raw milk can augment Cheddar cheese yield with better curd formation properties.     

Synthesis of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid

We report the synthesis of 7,10-dihydroxy-8(E)-octadecenoic acid (DOD), which has recently also been reported from bioconversion of oleic acid. One hydroxyl of 1,7-heptanediol was protected as tetrahydropyranyl ether, and the other hydroxyl was used for chain extension by two carbonsvia Wittig reaction to give ethyl 9-tetrahydropyranyloxy-2(E)-nonenoate, an α,β-unsaturated ester, which on Dibal-H reduction offered allylic alcohol. The epoxidation at the double bond followed by conversion of the hydroxyl group to chloro gave 9-tetrahydropyranyloxy-2,3-oxirane-1-chlorononane. Treatment of this epoxy nonyl chloride with excess of LiNH₂/liquid NH₃; followed by addition of 1-nonanal, gave 18-tetrahydropyranyloxy-9, 12-dihydroxy-10-octadecyne. The lithium aluminum hydride reduction of the conjugated hydroxy acetylenic bond, protection of hydroxyl groups as benzoates and oxidation of the primary ether group, followed by removal of benzoate groups, gave DOD. IICT Communication No. 2995.     

Effect of wood fibers on the rheological properties of i‐PP/wood fiber composites

The effects of wood fibers on the melt rheological behavior of isotactic poly(propylene) (i‐PP)/wood fiber (WF) composites have been studied at WF concentrations of 0–32.2 vol % at 493 K. Shear stress–shear rate variations obeyed a power law equation, and the composites exhibited shear thinning, which increased with filler content. At a low shear rate, the apparent melt viscosity increased, while melt elasticity, after an initial decrease, also increased with WF concentration. At a higher shear rate, after an initial decrease, the melt viscosity showed an increase, as did melt elasticity, with increase in filler content. A titanate coupling agent, LICA 38, used to modify the wood fiber surface, modified these rheological parameters by functioning as a plasticizer/lubricant. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 644–650, 2004     

Multiple urethral calculi in children: report of two cases

Multiple urethral calculi are rarely found in children. We report herein two unusual cases of children found to have multiple urethral calculi. In one, the calculi formed proximal to a stricture and in the other they formed within a diverticulum. Both patients required urethrotomy for removal of the calculi. A unique cause of urethral stricture is also described in case 1.     

Hydraulic Conductivity and Leachate Characteristics of Stabilized Fly Ash

Disposal of fly ash on land amounts to sacrificing precious land space. Recycling of fly ash is one of the methods of solving the disposal problem. Stabilization of a low lime fly ash with lime and gypsum was studied through large scale tests on the stabilized material designed to simulate field recycling conditions as closely as possible, and found to be a very effective means to control hydraulic conductivity and leachate characteristics. The effects of moulding water content, lime content, gypsum content, curing period, and flow period on hydraulic conductivity, and on leachate of metals flowing out of the stabilized fly ash are reported herein. With proper proportioning of the mix, and adequate curing, the values of hydraulic conductivity on the order of 10?7 cm∕s were achieved. The concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the effluent emanating from the hydraulic conductivity specimens of mixes with higher proportions of lime or lime and gypsum were below threshold limits acceptable for contaminants flowing into ground water.     

Molecular and serological studies on the recent seal virus epizootics in Europe and Siberia.

The virus epizootics which occurred in seals in both Europe and Siberia during 1987/1988 were caused by two different morbilliviruses, referred to as phocid distemper virus (PDV) 1 and 2, respectively. Molecular and serological studies have shown that the European virus is quite distinct from canine distemper virus (CDV), its closest relative in the morbillivirus group. Analysis of tissues obtained from infected seals from a wide geographical distribution over Northern Europe showed that the infectious agent (PDV 1) was identical in all cases. Nucleotide sequence analysis of one of the virus genes suggested that this virus has evolved away from CDV over a long time period and is most probably an enzootic virus of marine mammals. In contrast, the virus (PDV 2) which caused the deaths of many Siberian seals was indistinguishable, both serologically and at the molecular level, from CDV and must have originated from a land source.