Ethoxylation—a new method of separating brown-coal tar

Separating the complex mixture that makes up brown-coal tar is very difficult if it consists largely of phenols, resins and carboxylic acids. By ethoxylating the ingredients that possess active hydrogen, they become water-soluble and can easily be removed from the mixture by aqueous extraction. Hydrocarbons can then be recovered and used. The extracted ingredients are valuable raw materials for industry.     

Biologische Wirksamkeit von Steinkohlenteeröl

A survey of the biological effectiveness of coal-tar oils as wood-preservative is given. In spite of the reat variability in the composition and properties, no essential differences concerning their biological effects are observed. The effects of various fractions and isolated substances are described as well as their influence on the durability of the effect and on the ability to penetrate. Finally, the importance of the amount of acid phenols present is investigated based on results given by numerous authors. This ivestigation shows clearly that the content of acid phenols is not more important for the antifunga effect of creosote than the other fungicidal components present.     

Short-chain aliphatic acids in the interdigital gland secretion of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.), and their discrimination by reindeer

Interdigital gland secretion from reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) was analyzed by thin-layer chromatography and gas chromato-graphy. The short-chain acid fraction consisted of acetic, propionic, isobutyric,n-butyric, isovaleric, 2-methylbutyric,n-valeric, isocaproic, andn-caproic acids. The short-chain acids were produced by sterol esters when hydrolyzed in the gland-probably by microorganisms. Triglycerides present did not contain any short-chain acids. By testing isovaleric acid and isobutyric acid applied on small filter papers placed in a pen and measuring the number of sniffings on and towards the samples, we elicited good response at 1 ng application compared with the blanks, while pivalic acid gave no response under the same conditions.     

Resource allocation in computer networks by a regional accessibility model

The problem of resource allocation in computer networks is modeled as a regional accessibility model. These models, which have been used in urban and regional planning, provide a means for planning and evaluating computer networks. We present a straightforward solution procedure which allows for the efficient solution of large models and is well suited to studying the sensitivity of the model to various parameter changes. The model and solution technique are used to study a computer network for the Finnish universities.     

A solar cell with enhanced photocurrent

Calculations have been performed on an n⁺p-solar cell structure with an added smaller bandgap extra layer. Continuity in the valence band is assumed between the two different semiconductor materials. In this way the usual requirement in a tandem cell of equal photo carrier generation in the different materials is relaxed.     

Density and electrical conductivity of molten NaCl-KCl-AlCl3 mixtures

The density and specific electrical conductivity were investigated for molten ternary NaCl-KCl-AlCl₃ mixtures of interest to new industrial processes for electrolytic aluminium deposition. A method for the calculation of density and electrical conductivity of molten ternary mixtures on the basis of experimentally determined values for the binary systems NaCl-AlCl₃, NaCl-KCl and KCl-AlCl₃ has been proposed. The difference between the experimental and calculated density and electrical conductivity values of the ternary system was less than ± 1.5% for the density and ± 5% for the electrical conductivity, respectively.