高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射法测定翘嘴红鲌肌肉中磷脂的组成

为建立快速、灵敏检测翘嘴红鲌（Ergthroculter ilishaeformis）肌肉中各磷脂组分的方法,采用氯仿-甲醇提取翘嘴红鲌肌肉脂肪,利用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射测定方法,对翘嘴红鲌肌肉中磷脂组成进行检测。检测条件如下：以Chromolith? Performan-ce-Si型正相硅胶色谱分析柱（100 mm×4.6 mm）作为分离柱,正己烷-异丙醇-13%乙酸溶液为流动相体系,三元梯度洗脱,流速1.5 mL/min,柱温30 ℃,进样量20 μL,蒸发光散射检测器漂移管温度70 ℃,雾化气（氮气）压力为320 kPa。在此条件下,翘嘴红鲌肌肉中各磷脂组分均能完全分离,且各磷脂组分在相应范围内峰面积与浓度线性关系良好。方法精密度高,变异系数均小于3.0%,平均回收率为88.38%～107.41%,相对标准偏差为0.40%～4.95%。本方法操作简单、分析速度快、检测灵敏度高、精密度好、结果准确可靠,适用于翘嘴红鲌等淡水鱼中磷脂含量的测定。     

厦门白姑鱼腌制加工过程中的脂肪酸变化分析

探讨厦门白姑鱼（Argyrosomus amoyensis）腌制加工过程中的脂肪酸的变化,并结合脂肪氧化相关指标：过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）及硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARS）值,确定脂肪氧化对脂肪酸组成的影响。从腌制加工的7 个关键工序中取样,采用气相色谱-质谱联用法分析脂肪酸,同时考察POV及TBARS值。结果表明：厦门白姑鱼原料含26.41%的饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acids,SFA）、20.26%的单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acids,MUFA）和53.33%的多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）,共24 种,必需脂肪酸占12.49%,二十碳五烯酸（eicosapentaenoic acid,EPA）和二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoicacid,DHA）占40.70%。在腌制加工中,SFA含量显著增加,MUFA含量和PUFA含量显著降低（P＜0.05）。POV和TBARS值都呈现了先增后减的趋势,分别在烘干1 d和3 d出现峰值。相关性分析表明,SFA与MUFA呈显著负相关（P＜0.05）,与PUFA呈极显著负相关（P＜0.01）,MUFA和PUFA没有相关性;SFA与POV和TBARS值呈现显著正相关（P＜0.05）,而PUFA与POV和TBARS值分别呈显著（P＜0.05）和极显著负相关（P＜0.01）。因此,厦门白姑鱼脂肪酸种类多,含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸,腌制加工过程对主要8 种脂肪酸有显著影响,脂肪的氧化使SFA含量增加,同时使PUFA含量降低,PUFA更容易发生氧化。     

Purification and characteristics of serine protease from the head of pacific white shrimp

Serine protease from the head of Pacific white shrimp was purified by the following techniques: ammonium sulfate fractionation, Q-Sepharose HP ion exchange chromatography, and Sephadex G-100 gel filtration. The molecular weight was estimated as 32.8 kDa using SDSPAGE. The optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme for the hydrolysis of casein were determined to be 10.0 and 40°C. It was stable at pH range from 8.0 to 11.0 and had good thermal stability. Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Mn²⁺ could active the enzyme certainly when Zn²⁺ and Hg²⁺ strongly inhibited the activity. The enzyme was inhibited by the general serine protease inhibitor (PMSF) and the specific trypsin inhibitors (TLCK, SBTI). The modification of various amino acid modifiers for the purified enzyme determined that the enzyme active center included tryptophan, histidine, and serine, moreover, arginine had a certain relationship with the enzyme activity.     

鲨鱼肌肉与鱼翅营养价值的比较

为全面、客观地评价鲨鱼肌肉和鱼翅的营养差异,以镰状真鲨（Carcharhinus falciformis）和大青鲨（Prionace glauca）为研究对象,比较分析了2 种鲨鱼肌肉、鱼翅（包括全翅和翅针,下同）的各种营养成分。结果显示：鲨鱼的肌肉和鱼翅蛋白质量分数均很高（24.34%～37.03%）,其中同一鲨鱼的鱼翅蛋白质量分数高于肌肉;2 种鲨鱼肌肉和鱼翅的粗脂肪质量分数都非常低,均小于0.50%;鲨鱼全翅因其鱼皮表面有砂质导致灰分质量分数特别高（6.18%～7.09%）,但肌肉的灰分质量分数（1.23%～1.63%）仅略高于翅针（0.86%～0.90%）。鲨鱼的肌肉和鱼翅中氨基酸种类齐全,总体上鱼翅中氨基酸总量（total amino acid,TAA）高于肌肉,但肌肉的必需氨基酸（essential amino acid,EAA）质量分数（41.94%～42.42%）高于鱼翅（17.93%～22.61%）,且只有肌肉满足联合国粮食及农业组织/世界卫生组织提出的氨基酸模式标准（EAA/TAA≥40%且EAA/非必需氨基酸≥60%）,因此,鲨鱼肌肉的氨基酸营养价值远高于鱼翅,是一种优质蛋白源,而鱼翅并非优质蛋白源。通过氨基酸评分（amino acid score,AAS）、化学评分（chemical sore,CS）和必需氨基酸指数（essential amino acid index,EAAI）3 种氨基酸评分发现：鲨鱼肌肉的AAS、CS以及EAAI值均显著高于鱼翅,约为鱼翅的2 倍,说明鲨鱼肌肉的氨基酸营养价值高于鱼翅。蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸是鲨鱼肌肉的第一限制性氨基酸;亮氨酸（根据AAS结果）或蛋氨酸＋半胱氨酸（根据CS结果）为鱼翅的第一限制性氨基酸。鲨鱼肌肉中共检出13 种脂肪酸,且饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acid,SFA）质量分数＞多不饱和脂肪酸（polyunsaturated fatty acids,PUFA）质量分数＞单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）质量分数;鱼翅中共检出16 种脂肪酸,且SFA质量分数＞MUFA质量分数＞PUFA质量分数。鲨鱼肌肉和鱼翅中均含有丰富的油酸、二十二碳六烯酸和花生四烯酸等具有重要生理活性的不饱和脂肪酸,且均符合理想脂肪酸的标准（PUFA/SFA＞0.4）,但肌肉的PUFA/SFA明显高于鱼翅。鲨鱼肌肉和鱼翅中均含有丰富的胶原蛋白,且鱼翅中胶原蛋白质量分数（7.61%～11.99%）明显高于肌肉（0.27%～0.41%）。鲨鱼肌肉和鱼翅中还含有一定的硫酸软骨素,其中全翅中硫酸软骨素含量非常高（镰状真鲨和大青鲨分别为2.67 mg/g和10.87 mg/g）,而肌肉和翅针中含量较少（质量分数低于1.2%）。     

迷迭香的抗氧化活性及对藻油氧化稳定性影响的研究

在对迷迭香的DPPH自由基清除能力和还原力与合成抗氧化剂BHT对比研究的基础上,采用Schaal烘箱法,以POV(过氧化值)、TBA(丙二醛值)和DHA含量为氧化稳定性指标,研究了迷迭香在藻油中的抗氧化作用,并探究了增效剂对迷迭香的协同增效作用。结果表明:DPPH自由基清除能力和还原力依次为迷迭香粉BHT迷迭香精油;迷迭香粉和迷迭香精油对藻油都具有较强的保护作用,抗氧化能力依次为0.02%迷迭香粉0.02%BHT0.02%迷迭香精油0.02%VE;0.02%迷迭香粉与0.01%VC棕榈酸酯在藻油中有很强的增效作用。     

齿轮磨损故障动态响应特征与诊断指标研究

齿轮磨损属于典型的早期故障,为监测齿轮磨损状态,开展齿轮磨损故障机理与诊断指标研究.采用解析建模的方法,定量研究了齿轮磨损对时变啮合刚度和无负载静态传递误差动力学参数的影响规律:采用Archard磨损模型计算齿轮齿面磨损深度,获得沿齿廓方向的非均匀磨损分布;采用势能法计算齿轮啮合刚度,揭示了齿轮磨损对啮合刚度幅值影响的定量规律;将齿轮磨损等效为轮齿齿廓偏差,揭示了齿轮磨损对无负载静态传递误差影响的定量规律.采用集中参数法建立齿轮传动的动力学模型,通过两级直齿轮疲劳寿命试验对比验证了齿轮磨损动态响应特征.结果 表明,齿轮磨损主要影响齿轮啮合频率及其谐波成分,同时啮合频率及其谐波的边频带以转频为主,且随磨损增加出现明显变化.基于获得的磨损动态响应特征,构造了四个基于振动信号啮合频率边带的诊断指标,该指标对磨损状态变化敏感,通过仿真和试验验证了指标的有效性和鲁棒性.     

Cooperative exploration based on supervisory control of multi-robot systems

When multiple mobile robots cooperatively explore an unknown environment, the advantages of robustness and redundancy are guaranteed. However, available traditional economy approaches for coordination of multi-robot systems (MRS) exploration lack efficient target selection strategy under a few of situations and rely on a perfect communication. In order to overcome the shortages and endow each robot autonomy, a novel coordinated algorithm based on supervisory control of discrete event systems and a variation of the market approach is proposed in this paper. Two kinds of utility and the corresponding calculation schemes which take into account of cooperation between robots and covering the environment in a minimal time, are defined. Different moving target of each robot is determined by maximizing the corresponding utility at the lower level of the proposed hierarchical coordinated architecture. Selection of a moving target assignment strategy, dealing with communication failure, and collision avoidance are modeled as behaviors of each robot at the upper level. The proposed approach distinctly speeds up exploration process and reduces the communication requirement. The validity of our algorithm is verified by computer simulations.