Number and distribution of bacteria on some beef carcasses at selected abattoirs in some member states of the European communities

In seven member countries of the European Communities, three abattoirs were visited on three occasions in each of two surveys and at each visit ten beef carcasses were sampled, before chilling, at defined sites on the neck, brisket, forerib and medially on the round. In Survey I, samples were plated for total viable count (TVC) at 30° (ISO 2293) and Enterobacteriaceae at 37° (ISO 5552); in Survey II only TVCs were made. This paper is confined to analyses of the TVCs in the two surveys. Data from each country were analysed separately as sampling methodology may not have been sufficiently reproducible by different workers to allow between-countries comparison. Variations among visits to particular abattoirs and abattoir × site interactions made comparisons among abattoirs invalid within five of the seven countries. To effectively monitor differences between abattoirs within most countries it would be necessary to make more than three visits to each abattoir. Despite abattoir × site interactions in three countries in Survey I and four countries in Survey II, comparisons between sites were generally valid because of the consistent high contamination of the brisket. In the remainder of countries the abattoir × site interaction was too large to allow valid comparisons between sites. It is recommended that at least three or four sites are sampled in future surveys as only one site per carcass would underestimate the number of more heavily contaminated carcasses.     

时间反转语音掩蔽的语音信号可懂度的客观评价方法

对于开放型办公室语音掩蔽系统性能的评价,语言可懂度是很重要的一个方面,目前通常采取的客观评价方法是STI。将语音信号按一定时间帧长反转后得到的信号我们称为时间反转语音,时间反转语音已被作为有效掩蔽信号之一。虽然对于由平稳噪声掩蔽的语音信号,STI与主观理解的语言可懂度相关性很好。但研究发现STI不适用于估计由时间反转语音掩蔽的语音信号的语言可懂度。文章分析了STI、PESQ及mNCM客观评价方法并进行了实验,实验结果表明,PESQ及mNCM对于由反转语音掩蔽的语音信号仍能较好估计语言可懂度。文章根据客观评价结果,进一步比较了反转语音掩蔽算法的不同参数（反转帧长与信噪比）对于语言可懂度的影响。发现反转帧长的增加和信噪比的降低会导致较低的语言可懂度。     

Rohstoff-Recycling und Energie-Gewinnung von Kunststoffabfällen

Feedstock Recycling and Energy Recovery from Plastics Waste. The disposal concept of the plastics industry comprises the following four steps: prevention/reduction, recycling of material (mechanical recycling, feedstock recycling), energy recovery and dumping. Feedstock recycling or chemical recycling stands for the chemical conversion of polymer materials with reduction of macromolecular structure to low-molecular raw materials. The combustion of plastics waste uses the high calorific value of plastics for energy recovery. This paper describes some of the processes for feedstock recycling and for energy recovery from plastics waste.