Simplified equations for mesh and step voltages in an AC substation

A large number of grounding grids in substations have shapes other than a square or a rectangle, whereas the simplified formulas for mesh and step voltages available in the literature are derived for square or rectangular grids. Improvements in the simplified equations for determining mesh and step voltages are presented. With the modified simple equations, mesh and step voltages at a substation of any practical shape can be estimated with reasonable accuracy. The results obtained with the improved equations have been compared with accurate results obtained via computer. The error in the values obtained with the derived equations is within 16% for mesh voltage and less than 30% for step voltage     

Novel garnet then film optical waveguides

Two epitaxial thin film garnet compositions Gd₃Sc_.13Gal_4.87012 and Y₃Sc₂.0A1.9lGa_2.090012, have been developed and operated as otpical waveguides. The refractive index of the solid solution films is shown to be linear with respect to mole fraction of the end member garnets. Compositions of twelve additional solid solutions are proposed which will allow selection of film-substrate combinations from among a wide range of refractive index differences.     

Effect of inert atmosphere in the determination of free fatty acid or free caustic alkali and unsaponified material in soap

The conclusions to be drawn from this work can be summarized as follows:

1. Values for free fatty acid are not significantly affected by carbonation when run under the usual laboratory conditions. Under similar conditions free caustic alkali values are low (statistically significat) and, conversely, unsaponified values are high (statistically significant).
2. The magnitude of the error incurred by working under the usual laboratory conditions is so small as to be negligible unless extreme precision is required.
3. Hot alcohol apparently provides its own protective vapor barrier preventing carbon dioxide absorption. This characteristic of alcohol can be further enhanced by the judicious use of watch glasses to cover beakers and funnels during the determination