Selectivity of isophorone diisocyanate in the urethane reaction influence of temperature, catalysis, and reaction partners

In a model study of the selectivity of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) in the urethane reaction, the influence of the type of catalyst, temperature, and type of OH-group was demonstrated using primary and secondary butanol as reaction partners. In particular, the choice of catalyst has a dramatic effect on the composition of the final product mixture. The most important conclusions of the model study were confirmed in NCO-prepolymer synthesis. GFB LR-AT, D-45764 Marl, Germany. R. LOM?LDER received a Ph.D. Degree in Chemistry from the University of Münster, Germany. Dr. Lom?lder joined the research and development team for the coatings raw materials division of Hüls AG, Marl, Germany in 1989, where he worked with polyurethanes. Since 1992, Dr. Lom?lder has been working with IPDI and its derivatives in Hüls AG’s technical services department for polyurethane raw materials. FRIEDRICH PLOGMANN joined Veba Chemie’s technical services laboratory for polyurethane raw materials in 1976. In 1979, when Veba’s chemical activities were transferred to Hüls AG, Mr. Plogmann continued to work in the laboratory. PETER SPEIER joined the research and development department of Hüls AG in Marl, Germany in 1960, initially working with polybutadiene resins and later with saturated polyester resins. Since 1985, Mr. Speier has been working with polyurethanes raw materials in Hüls AG’s technical service laboratories in Marl.     

Automation and intelligent scheduling of distributed system functional testing

International Journal on Software Tools for Technology Transfer - This paper presents the approach to functional test automation of services (black-box testing) and service architectures (grey-box...     

Epoxidized Oleic Acid-Based Polymethacrylates as Viscosity Index Improvers

This study reports two routes for the synthesis of epoxidized oleic acid (OLA)-based polymethacrylates. The first one consisted of the synthesis followed by epoxidation of the OLA-based methacrylate, 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl oleate (MAEO), prior to its radical polymerization. In the second pathway, MAEO was first homopolymerized to afford poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl oleate) (PMAEO) and, then, the internal double bonds of the oleate were epoxidized at different yields ranging from 20% to 100%. All polymeric structures were confirmed using ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and characterized through size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyses. The resulting polymers were then blended at 5 wt.% in a mineral paraffinic oil (MPO) and in a biobased organic triacylglycerol oil (OTO) to be evaluated as viscosity index improvers (VII). The partially epoxidized polymers up to 40% were soluble in MPO. According to a rheological study, the oil-soluble epoxidized polymers resulting from the epoxidation of PMAEO exhibited a much higher influence on oil viscosities at high temperatures than at low temperatures compared to the low-epoxidized PMAEO molecular weight obtained by the first strategy. Additionally, the viscosity indices of both lubricating oils were significantly improved with the addition of the epoxidized OLA-based polymers resulting from the epoxidation of PMAEO, which confirmed their efficiency as VII.