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31.
Rubber materials filled with reinforcing fillers display nonlinear rheological behavior at small strain amplitudes below γ0 < 0.1. Nevertheless, rheological data are analyzed mostly in terms of linear parameters, such as shear moduli (G′, G″), which loose their physical meaning in the nonlinear regime. In this work styrene butadiene rubber filled with carbon black (CB) under large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) is analyzed in terms of the nonlinear parameter I3/1. Three different CB grades are used and the filler load is varied between 0 and 70 phr. It is found that I3/1(φ) is most sensitive to changes of the total accessible filler surface area at low strain amplitudes (γ0 = 0.32). The addition of up to 70 phr CB leads to an increase of I3/1(φ) by a factor of more than ten. The influence of the measurement temperature on I3/1 is pronounced for CB levels above the percolation threshold.
32.
Shiro Nishiwaki Andreas Burn Stephan Buecheler Martin Muralt Snke Pilz Valerio Romano Reiner Witte Lukas Krainer Gabriel J. Spühler Ayodhya N. Tiwari 《Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications》2015,23(12):1908-1915
Monolithically integrated Cu(In,Ga)Se2 mini‐modules were fabricated in order to reduce the width of patterning related dead area. The Cu(In,Ga)Se2 layers were prepared on soda‐lime glasses using the multistage process at low substrate temperature below 500 °C. A picosecond laser with a wavelength of 532 nm was used for all of the structuring processes (P1, P2, and P3) for the monolithic integration. A “lift‐off” type structuring was applied for P1 and P3, and an “ablation” type was for P2. The laser structuring was optimized to be minimizing the dead area width, and the width of about 70 µm was successfully achieved. A mini‐module, in which the optimized structuring processes were applied for the integration, demonstrated a certified efficiency of 16.6%. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
33.
Mario Fleischer Lukas Schumann Anne Hartmann Reuben Scott Walker Liliana Ifrim Dorothea von Zadow Jonas Lüske Joachim Seybold Martin Kriegel Dirk Mürbe 《Journal of the Royal Society Interface》2022,19(187)
Speaking and singing are activities linked to increased aerosol particle emissions from the respiratory system, dependent on the utilized vocal intensity. As a result, these activities have experienced considerable restrictions in enclosed spaces since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic due to the risk of infection from the SARS-CoV-2 virus, transmitted by virus-carrying aerosols. These constraints have affected public education and extracurricular activities for children as well, from in-person music instruction to children’s choirs. However, existing risk assessments for children have been based on emission measurements of adults. To address this, we measured the particle emission rates of 15 pre-adolescent children, all eight to ten years old, with a laser particle counter for the test conditions: breathing at rest, speaking, singing and shouting. Compared with values taken from 15 adults, emission rates for breathing, speaking and singing were significantly lower for children. Particle emission rates were reduced by a factor of 4.3 across all conditions, whereas emitted particle volume rates were reduced by a factor of 4.8. These data can supplement SARS-CoV-2 risk management scenarios for various school and extracurricular settings. 相似文献
34.
Dr. Lukas Kröger Dr. Constantin G. Daniliuc Deeba Ensan Sebastian Borgert Dr. Christian Nienberg Miriam Lauwers Dr. Michaela Steinkrüger Prof. Joachim Jose Dr. Markus Pietsch Prof. Bernhard Wünsch 《ChemMedChem》2020,15(10):871-881
The serine/threonine kinase CK2 modulates the activity of more than 300 proteins and thus plays a crucial role in various physiological and pathophysiological processes including neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system and cancer. The enzymatic activity of CK2 is controlled by the equilibrium between the heterotetrameric holoenzyme CK2α2β2 and its monomeric subunits CK2α and CK2β. A series of analogues of W16 ((3aR,4S,10S,10aS)-4-{[(S)-4-benzyl-2-oxo-1,3-oxazolidin-3-yl]carbonyl}-10-(3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)-4,5,10,10a-tetrahydrofuro[3,4-b]carbazole-1,3(3aH)-dione ((+)- 3 a )) was prepared in an one-pot, three-component Levy reaction. The stereochemistry of the tetracyclic compounds was analyzed. Additionally, the chemically labile anhydride structure of the furocarbazoles 3 was replaced by a more stable imide ( 9 ) and N-methylimide ( 10 ) substructure. The enantiomer (−)- 3 a (Ki=4.9 μM) of the lead compound (+)- 3 a (Ki=31 μM) showed a more than sixfold increased inhibition of the CK2α/CK2β interaction (protein-protein interaction inhibition, PPII) in a microscale thermophoresis (MST) assay. However, (−)- 3 a did not show an increased enzyme inhibition of the CK2α2β2 holoenzyme, the CK2α subunit or the mutated CK2α′ C336S subunit in the capillary electrophoresis assay. In the pyrrolocarbazole series, the imide (−)- 9 a (Ki=3.6 μM) and the N-methylimide (+)- 10 a (Ki=2.8 μM) represent the most promising inhibitors of the CK2α/CK2β interaction. However, neither compound could inhibit enzymatic activity. Unexpectedly, the racemic tetracyclic pyrrolocarbazole (±)- 12 , with a carboxy moiety in the 4-position, displays the highest CK2α/CK2β interaction inhibition (Ki=1.8 μM) of this series of compounds. 相似文献
35.
Mingzhu Zhu Junbao Du Siyao Chen Angie Dong Liu Lukas Holmberg Yonghong Chen Chunyu Zhang Chaoshu Tang Hongfang Jin 《International journal of molecular sciences》2014,15(12):23059-23073
This study was designed to investigate the regulatory role of l-cystathionine in human macrophage apoptosis induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and its possible mechanisms. THP-1 cells were induced with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and differentiated into macrophages. Macrophages were incubated with ox-LDL after pretreatment with l-cystathionine. Superoxide anion, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening were examined. Caspase-9 activities and expression of cleaved caspase-3 were measured. The results showed that compared with control group, ox-LDL treatment significantly promoted superoxide anion generation, release of cytochrome c (cytc) from mitochondrion into cytoplasm, caspase-9 activities, cleavage of caspase-3, and cell apoptosis, in addition to reduced mitochondrial membrane potential as well as increased MPTP opening. However, 0.3 and 1.0 mmol/L l-cystathionine significantly reduced superoxide anion generation, increased mitochondrial membrane potential, and markedly decreased MPTP opening in ox-LDL + l-cystathionine macrophages. Moreover, compared to ox-LDL treated-cells, release of cytc from mitochondrion into cytoplasm, caspase-9 activities, cleavage of caspase-3, and apoptosis levels in l-cystathionine pretreated cells were profoundly attenuated. Taken together, our results suggested that l-cystathionine could antagonize mitochondria-mediated human macrophage apoptosis induced by ox-LDL via inhibition of cytc release and caspase activation. 相似文献
36.
37.
Tandy S Bossart K Mueller R Ritschel J Hauser L Schulin R Nowack B 《Environmental science & technology》2004,38(3):937-944
Metal pollution of soils is widespread across the globe, and the clean up of these soils is a difficulttask. One possible remediation technique is ex-situ soil washing using chelating agents. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a very effective chelating agent for this purpose but has the disadvantage that it is quite persistent in the environment due to its low biodegradability. The aim of our work was to investigate the biodegradable chelating agents [S,S]-ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid (EDDS), iminodisuccinic acid (IDSA), methylglycine diacetic acid (MGDA), and nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) as potential alternatives and compare them with EDTA for effectiveness. Kinetic experiments showed for all metals and soils that 24 h was the optimum extraction time. Longer times only gave minor additional benefits for heavy metal extraction but an unwanted increase in iron mobilization. For Cu at pH 7, the order of the extraction efficiency for equimolar ratios of chelating agent to metal was EDDS > NTA> IDSA > MGDA > EDTA and for Zn it was NTA > EDDS > EDTA >MGDA > IDSA. The comparatively low efficiency of EDTA resulted from competition between the heavy metals and co-extracted Ca. For Pb the order of extraction was EDTA > NTA >EDDS due to the much stronger complexation of Pb by EDTA compared to EDDS. At higher concentration of complexing agent, less difference between the agents was found and less pH dependence. There was an increase in heavy metal extraction with decreasing pH, but this was offset by an increase in Ca and Fe extraction. In sequential extractions EDDS extracted metals almost exclusively from the exchangeable, mobile, and Mn-oxide fractions. We conclude that the extraction with EDDS at pH 7 showed the best compromise between extraction efficiency for Cu, Zn, and Pb and loss of Ca and Fe from the soil. 相似文献
38.
André Dias Lukas Gorzelniak Rudolf A. Jörres Rainald Fischer Gunnar Hartvigsen Alexander Horsch 《Pervasive and Mobile Computing》2012,8(6):837-844
Physical Activity (PA) plays an important role in the health and quality of life of cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, but little is known about their PA in daily living. With the use of accelerometers it is now possible to monitor activity profiles in detail. The goals of this study are to assess feasibility and acceptance of a longer-term use of accelerometers in daily living in CF patients, study the possibility of detecting changes in PA in relation to the patients’ clinical state and compare the findings between a CF and an age-matched healthy control group. We asked 15 CF patients to wear two accelerometers for 21 days and fill in a diary. Ten of them (age 21 to 40, mean 29.5 years) participated and delivered data that could be evaluated. We also recruited 10 age-matched control subjects. Data was processed for calculating usage time and features extracted to construct models of activity. The younger patients, particularly females, were concerned with fashion and style and considered wearing the sensors a challenge. Overall, the compliance of patients with CF seemed to be lower than reported for elder subjects in the literature. Time-series analysis of the data indicated characteristic patterns of PA over time, provided that data pre-processing and noise-filtering had been optimized. Further studies have to assess whether the continuous recording of PA yields additional clinical information in CF and in particular, whether it is possible to detect or even predict exacerbations in patients with CF or other diseases. 相似文献
39.
On forecasting large and infrequent snow avalanches 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jürg Schweizer Christoph Mitterer Lukas Stoffel 《Cold Regions Science and Technology》2009,59(2-3):234
Snow avalanches that threaten a highway or a residential area are often large avalanches that have a return period > 1 year. Danger assessment strongly relies on precipitation data since these avalanches are typically triggered by major snow storms. Given the extensive protection work that is in place in the European Alps, the avalanche control service (also called avalanche commission) responsible for danger assessment will usually monitor the avalanche situation throughout the winter, but only become active in case of a major snow fall. Related safety concepts describing the procedures and measures to be taken in a given danger situation are therefore often based on threshold values for new snow. By analysing the avalanche occurrence of a major avalanche path, we show that forecasting based on new snow amounts involves high uncertainty. Whereas the return period of an avalanche to, for example, the road was about 5 years, the return period for the corresponding new snow depth was substantially smaller, in our case slightly less than 2 years. Similar proportions were found for a number of other avalanche paths with different snow climate. The return period of the critical new snow depth was about 2–5 times smaller than the return period of the avalanche. This proportion is expected to increase with increasing return period. Hence, based on the return period of an avalanche path a first estimate for the critical new snow depth can be made. With a return period of the critical new snow depth of 1–2 years, avalanche prediction for individual avalanche path becomes very challenging since the false alarm ratio is expected to be high. 相似文献