Optimal release time for software systems considering cost, testing-effort, and test efficiency

In this paper, we study the impact of software testing effort & efficiency on the modeling of software reliability, including the cost for optimal release time. This paper presents two important issues in software reliability modeling & software reliability economics: testing effort, and efficiency. First, we propose a generalized logistic testing-effort function that enjoys the advantage of relating work profile more directly to the natural flow of software development, and can be used to describe the possible testing-effort patterns. Furthermore, we incorporate the generalized logistic testing-effort function into software reliability modeling, and evaluate its fault-prediction capability through several numerical experiments based on real data. Secondly, we address the effects of new testing techniques or tools for increasing the efficiency of software testing. Based on the proposed software reliability model, we present a software cost model to reflect the effectiveness of introducing new technologies. Numerical examples & related data analyzes are presented in detail. From the experimental results, we obtain a software economic policy which provides a comprehensive analysis of software based on cost & test efficiency. Moreover, the policy can also help project managers determine when to stop testing for market release at the right time.     

A Universal Platform for Macromolecular Deliveryinto Cells Using Gold Nanoparticle Layers via the Photoporation Effect

Although promising, it is challenging to develop a simple and universal method for the high‐efficiency delivery of biomacromolecules into diverse cells. Here, a universal delivery platform based on gold nanoparticle layer (GNPL) surfaces is proposed. Upon laser irradiation, GNPL surfaces show such good photothermal properties that absorption of the laser energy causes a rapid increase in surface temperature, leading to enhanced membrane permeability of the cultured cells and the diffusion of macromolecules into the cytosol from the surrounding medium. The high‐efficiency delivery of different macromolecules such as dextran and plasmid DNA into different cell types is achieved, including hard‐to‐transfect mouse embryonic fibroblasts (mEFs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), while cell viability is well maintained under optimized irradiation conditions. The platform vastly outperforms the leading commercial reagent, Lipofectamine 2000, especially in transfecting hard‐to‐transfect cell lines (plasmid transfection efficiency: ≈53% vs ≈19% for mEFs and ≈44% vs ≈8% for HUVECs). Importantly, as the gold nanoparticles (GNPs) constituting the GNPL are firmly immobilized together, the potential cytotoxicity caused by endocytosis of GNPs is effectively avoided. This platform is reliable, efficient, and cost‐effective with high‐throughput and broad applicability across different cell types, opening up an innovative avenue for high‐efficiency intracellular delivery.     

A time-dependent non-linear theory of ion channel electron cyclotron maser

A time-dependent non-linear theory is developed for ion channel electron cyclotron maser (ICECM), and the corresponding numerical calculation results are given for the first time. The theoretical analysis shows that the longitudinal plasma wave tends to enhance the energy exchange between the beam and wave. Using the numerical calculation of the self-consistent time evolution of scattering wave growth, the non-linear effect of ion density on the beam-wave interaction efficiency has been studied. The time norm, which must be satisfied in the operation of ICECM, is verified. Taking 6.8?×?10¹³?cm^?3 ion density, 1?MV accelerated voltage and 1.5?KA beam current, the present numeric calculation results show that the pulse scattering wave power and the frequency can achieve about 200?MW and 284?G?rad/s respectively.     

A Novel Body-tied Silicon-On-Insulator(SOI) n-channel Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor with Grounded Body Electrode

A novel body-tied silicon-on-insulator(SOI) n-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor with grounded body electrode named GBSOI nMOSFET has been developed by wafer bonding and etch-back technology. It has no floating body effect such as kink phenomena on the drain current curves, single-transistor latch and drain current overshoot inherent in a normal SOI device with floating body. We have characterized the interface trap density, kink phenomena on the drain current (I_DS-V_DS) curves, substrate resistance effect on the I_DS-V_DS curves, subthreshold current characteristics and single transistor latch of these transistors. We have confirmed that the GBSOI structure is suitable for high-speed and low-voltage VLSI circuits.     

白云岩与砂岩致密储集体质量的差异性

白云岩与砂岩致密储集体质量参数为随机分布的连续谱系，孔隙结构、物理参数复杂多变，表征难度较大。基于铸体薄片、压汞、核磁共振、孔隙度和渗透率等测试技术，结合大量天然气勘探开发实际资料，采用统计分析对比方法，重点讨论了储层质量宏观与微观参数特征。结果表明，白云岩与砂岩致密储集体质量参数具有正态分布特征，是一种金字塔数据结构，常规储层比例一般为15%~20%，是砂岩或白云岩致密储层的“甜点”；致密砂岩储层微观孔隙发育，孔、喉连通性较好，分布比较均匀，储层孔、渗关系较好，表现为相对高孔和低渗；白云岩致密储层质量尽管具有孔、喉连通性差和孔、渗关系较差的不利因素，但也具有相对高渗、低束缚水饱和度、低排驱压力及裂缝网络发育等有利因素，天然气渗流能力较好，勘探开发潜力较大。我国发育碳酸盐岩沉积，应加强致密白云岩气藏成藏条件研究与勘探。     

塔里木盆地顺北地区中-下奥陶统“断控”缝洞系统划分与形成机制

碳酸盐岩地层普遍发育各类成因机制的非均质性缝洞储层,其孔隙系统的形成演化受岩石的地质演化控制。一般情况下,这类非均质性缝洞储层的形成与地层流体系统中各种不饱和性流体的热化学作用方式和所能带走的物质体积总和有关。但是,塔里木盆地顺北地区发现的“断控”缝洞储层未经历不饱和性流体的溶蚀改造作用,其空间展布明显受到断裂带边界约束,勘探证实可以形成商业价值储层。因此,断裂活动能否发生大规模的物质体积调整,形成完整的缝洞储集系统,需要引起重视。通过应用三维地震、钻井异常工况、测井、元素录井、压恢试井、干扰试井和生产动态资料等,综合表征“断控”储层特征,反演“断控”缝洞单元和储集系统。针对走滑断裂活动过程中的岩石物理特性、构造增容机理和流体改造机制,开展了脆性岩层应变方式、断层封闭性控制因素、水-岩作用方式等研究,提出断裂带内部受岩体错动、破碎及力学-热化学作用而发生的物质体积调整是顺北地区“断控”缝洞储层形成的主导因素,其孔隙系统的形成、演化与断裂活动关系密切。当“断控”缝洞系统形成、演化过程中无法忽视流体影响时,可依据流体性质和作用方式等,细分出“岩溶型”和“热溶型”亚类,作为“断控”储层概念的理论衍生。     

无机盐与硫化氢对天然气三甘醇脱水的影响

目的 探究无机盐与硫化氢(H₂S)对天然气三甘醇脱水的影响规律。方法 综述了无机盐与硫化氢在三甘醇脱水性、再生性、流变性、发泡消泡性能以及腐蚀性等方面对天然气三甘醇脱水的影响。结果 随着三甘醇溶液中无机盐和硫化氢的富集,三甘醇溶液流变性下降,易发泡且消泡困难,还会与三甘醇发生反应,引起三甘醇变质,脱水效果明显下降。含硫化氢的三甘醇溶液具有腐蚀性,腐蚀管道和设备后产生铁离子,进一步影响三甘醇的性能。结论 由于三甘醇自身的化学结构易受破坏以及外界高温环境,使得三甘醇易发生变质。在天然气采用MDEA进行脱硫时,需要控制MDEA的添加量。建议：(1)深入研究三甘醇变质机理;(2)建立各无机盐离子与硫化氢对三甘醇溶液脱水性能影响的模型;(3)建立统一的三甘醇溶液废弃标准。     

基于微流控技术的表面活性剂强化驱油研究进展

实现老油田和非常规油田提高采收率评价方法的创新有着重要的科学意义和工程价值。微流控技术可以复现油藏微米、纳米级孔隙结构,并且原位观测微米、纳米级孔隙结构中油藏流体和驱替相流体的流动和相变过程。与传统岩心驱替实验评价方法相比,微流控技术同时具有实时可视化、受限尺度小、样品消耗量少和测量时间短等优点,使之逐步成为研究和筛选驱替剂的有效评价技术方法。得益于优异的界面活性,表面活性剂已成为化学驱中备受关注的一种驱替物质。通过对基于微流控技术的表面活性剂驱油的最新实验研究进行调研,详细介绍了微流控技术研究表面活性剂强化驱油的系统组成,重点分析了表面活性剂乳化体系驱油机理和表面活性剂非乳化体系驱油机理。在表面活性剂乳化驱油体系中,针对不同油藏类型分析了表面活性剂的应用,包括微乳液体系的驱油机理和乳状液体系的驱油机理。在表面活性剂非乳化驱油体系中,详细分析了传统表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂以非乳化作用强化驱油的机理,并对微流控技术在油气田开发领域的应用进行了展望。     

开鲁盆地陆西凹陷早白垩世地层构造演化及勘探潜力

开鲁盆地陆西凹陷经历多期构造运动,构造复杂多样,针对该区构造演化规律不清的问题,运用构造解析、层序地层学等研究方法,通过地震剖面分析和相干体切片技术,明确了陆西凹陷早白垩世断裂体系与构造演化过程及油气成藏模式。研究结果表明：早白垩世以来,陆西凹陷构造样式主要包括半地堑构造样式、滚动背斜构造样式、断块构造样式。依据构造样式形成时间可划分出4个构造演化时期：初始裂陷期(九佛堂下段沉积期)、沉降拗陷期(九佛堂上段沉积期)、稳定沉降期(沙海组沉积期)、回返萎缩期(阜新组沉积期)。研究结果认为,早期形成的断块型圈闭和晚期压扭性构造运动为构造圈闭成藏的主控因素,沉降坳陷期发育的多期扇体为油气成藏提供储集空间,多期次构造运动有利于油气运移和大规模构造油气藏的形成。研究结果为确定陆西凹陷东陡坡的有利勘探方向提供了依据和指导。     

CO2驱气溶性降混剂提高采收率机理实验

针对CO2驱气溶性降混剂降低混相压力、提高采收率机理认识不清的问题,综合利用室内实验、数值模拟和权重分析法,通过分析原油组分、原油黏度、油气界面张力、原油相态特征的变化,明确了气溶性降混剂的降混机理.实验结果表明:注入体积分数为3％和20％的气溶性降混剂后,原油重质组分含量分别减少25.07％和48.21％,平均原油黏...