The 96 million gallon per day Yuma desalting plant is part of a complex project intended to solve a long standing water quality problem between the United States and Mexico. Designed to treat up to 129,000 acre-feet of 3200 mg/l irrigation return flows, the plant will deliver 283 mg/l product water to maintain a 115 mg/l differential between water delivered to U.S. users and to Mexico .
Design of the plant was preceded by an extensive research program to determine pretreatment requirements, membrane performance, plant capacity and equipment and instrumentation performance. Two pretreatment systems were tested. Partial lime softening followed by multi-media filtration was chosen for the final design. Nine membrane systems (both reverse osmosis and electrodialysis) were tested. Two spiral wound reverse osmosis systems were chosen as most efficient from physical and economic viewpoint, and contracts for site preparation and construction of the intakes and sedimentation basin is scheduled for award summer 1979 with construction of the main plant and installation of desalting equipment scheduled for award summer of 1980.
Based on January 1979 prices, total cost of the desalting complex is approximately $190 million (including interest during construction). The investment cost per daily gallon of installed capacity is approximately $2. per 1000 gallons of desalted water (capital amortization plus operation and maintenance) is $0.77. 相似文献
In this work, the influence of the sintering temperature on the physical properties of (Pb0.8La0.2)(Ti0.9Ni0.1)O3 (PLT-Ni) ceramics is reported. The experimental data revealed that the energy band gap of PLT-Ni ceramics could be tailored from approximately 2.7 to 2.0 eV by changing the sintering temperature from 1100°C to 1250°C. It is demonstrated that the simple substitution of Ti4+ by Ni2+ cations is effective to decrease the intrinsic band gap while increasing the tetragonality factor and the spontaneous polarization. However, the additional red-shift observed in the absorption edge of the PLT-Ni with increasing the sintering temperature was associated with a continuous increase in the oxygen vacancies () amount. It is believed that the impact of the creation of these thermally induced is manifold. The presence of and Ni2+ ions generate the Ni2+- defect-pairs that promoted both a decrease in the intrinsic band gap and an additional increase of the tetragonality factor, consequently, increasing the spontaneous polarization. The creation of Ni2+- defects also changed the local symmetry of Ni2+ ions from octahedral to a square pyramid, thus lifting the degeneracy of the Ni2+ 3d orbitals. With the increase in the sintering temperature, lower-energy absorbing intraband states were also formed due to an excess of , being responsible for an add-on shoulder in the absorption edge, extending the light absorption curve to longer wavelengths and leading to an additional absorption in “all investigated” spectrum as well. 相似文献
The evaluation of the thermodynamic properties as well as the phase diagrams for the binary Na2O–SiO2, K2O–SiO2, and Li2O–SiO2 systems are carried out with a structural model for silicate melts and glasses. This thermodynamic model is based on the assumption that each metallic oxide produces the depolymerization reaction of silica network with a characteristic free-energy change. A least squares optimization program permits all available thermodynamic and phase diagram data to be optimized simultaneously. In this manner, data for these binary systems have been analyzed and represented with a small number of parameters. The resulting equations represent the thermodynamic and phase diagram data for these alkali metal oxide–silica systems within experimental error limits. In particular, the measured limiting liquidus slope at is well reproduced. 相似文献
Full age patients with mental disorders and preserved decision-making capacity are increasingly interested in drafting advance directives. Whereas in Switzerland (as well as in Germany) advance directives are binding in principle, an advance directive is not binding and has only to be considered in case of involuntary admission due to a mental disorder. Thereby, the virtual aim of an advance directive – the anticipated self-determination – is questioned.
Arguments
From an ethical perspective, patients with mental disorders have the same rights as patients with somatic diseases. Therefore, the question arises if there are good reasons for this unequal treatment. In the present contribution, four possible reasons are analyzed: (1) persons with mental disorders are “different”; (2) protection from self-harm; (3) often not present end-of-life context; (4) reduced bindingness as the more appropriate standard in general.
Conclusion
The authors come to the conclusion that patients with mental disorders are often capable of composing a valid advance directive, and just as any other human being, they have a principal and binding right for self-determination, even though they are particularly vulnerable in crisis situations.
Decision recommendations are a set of alternative options for clinical decisions (e.g., diagnosis, prognosis, treatment selection, follow-up, and prevention) that are provided to decision makers by knowledge-based Clinical Decision Support Systems (k-CDSS) as aids. We propose to follow a “reasoning over domain” approach for the generation of decision recommendations by gathering and inferring conclusions from production rules. In order to rationalize our approach, we present a specification that will sustain the logic models supported in the knowledge bases we use for persistence. We introduce first the underlying knowledge model and then the necessary extensions that will convey toward the solution of the reported needs. The starting point of our approach is the proposition of Reflexive Ontologies (RO). Here, we go a step further, proposing an extension of RO that includes the handling and reasoning that production rules provide. Our approach speeds up the recommendation generation process. 相似文献
This work describes a neural network based architecture that represents and estimates object motion in videos. This architecture addresses multiple computer vision tasks such as image segmentation, object representation or characterization, motion analysis and tracking. The use of a neural network architecture allows for the simultaneous estimation of global and local motion and the representation of deformable objects. This architecture also avoids the problem of finding corresponding features while tracking moving objects. Due to the parallel nature of neural networks, the architecture has been implemented on GPUs that allows the system to meet a set of requirements such as: time constraints management, robustness, high processing speed and re-configurability. Experiments are presented that demonstrate the validity of our architecture to solve problems of mobile agents tracking and motion analysis. 相似文献