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931.
We constructed a probabilistic simulator that allows all the events in population dynamics such as death, birth, mutation,
and suppression/stimulation to be described by probabilistic rules. The simulator also facilitates a lattice used for expressing
distribution and diversity (number of distinct strains) of quasispecies. The simulator is used to investigate the diversity
threshold in HIV and T-cell interaction.
This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January
31–February 2, 2008 相似文献
932.
Zusammenfassung Für Krankenh?user sind Anwendungen für kooperativ angelegte Behandlungsprozesse wesentliche Werkzeuge um einen zeitnahen einrichtungs-
und sektorübergreifenden Austausch patientenbezogener medizinischer Daten zu gew?hrleisten. 相似文献
933.
Which signals are important in gaining attention in science? For a group of 1,371 scientific articles published in 17 demography
journals in the years 1990-1992 we track their influence and discern which signals are important in receiving citations. Three
types of signals are examined: the author's reputation (as producer of the idea), the journal (as the broker of the idea),
and the state of uncitedness (as an indication of the assessment by the scientific community of an idea). The empirical analysis
points out that, first, the reputation of journals plays an overriding role in gaining attention in science. Second, in contrast
to common wisdom, the state of uncitedness does not affect the future probability of being cited. And third, the reputation
of a journal may help to get late recognition (so-called sleeping beauties) as well as generate 'flash-in-the-pans': immediately
noted articles but apparently not very influential in the long run. 相似文献
934.
Fabrication of alumina-aluminium titanate laminates that combine high strength external layers with flaw tolerant internal
layers is limited by the difficulty of the co-sintering of layers with large differences in the green state. This work describes
a new method to obtain alumina-aluminium titanate layered materials constituted by layers with large differences in terms
of grain size starting from green bodies with similar microstructures. The approach is based on the effect of small amounts
of titania (TiO2) as agents for alumina grain growth enhancement. Starting from a fine grained green body that combined alumina layers with
composite layers made of mixtures of alumina and titania, a two step sintering schedule led to a layered structure with external
layers of small grain sized alumina combined with internal alumina layers with large grain size due to the diffusion of titanium.
The large grain sized alumina layers conferred flaw tolerant behaviour to the laminate due to crack branching and bridging. 相似文献
935.
José Luis Montañez-Soto Salvador Alegret Juan Alfredo Salazar-Montoya Emma Gloria Ramos-Ramírez 《European Food Research and Technology》2006,223(3):379-386
In this work a novel amperometric biosensor for fructose determination in solutions was developed. The device was constructed by the incorporation of a tetrathiofulvalene-tetracyanoquinodimethane organic conducting salt and fructose dehydrogenase enzyme, include in a polymeric matrix of epoxy resin and graphite powder. Because of the electrocatalytic function of the salt, the direct transfer of the electron between the reduced prosthetic group (PQQH2) of the enzyme and the transducing material, was verified at a low working potential (150 mV vs. Ag/AgCl), where the interfering reactions were minimized. The response time at 90% of the steady state value was less than 20 s. The current response was directly proportional to the D-fructose concentration from 0.01 to 0.3 mmol/l with a detection limit of 0.005 mmol/l (signal/noise of 3) and a sensitivity of 1.9985 μA/mmol. The biosensor sensitivity diminishes when its surface is not polished between successive determinations, and remains constant (rsd=1.85, n=10) when the surface is polished between determinations. The effects of temperature and pH on the biosensor response were studied and analyzed; also the properties of the enzyme (Km
ap, I
max, Q10) were determinate in this work. The biosensor was used to determine fructose in high fructose syrups and there were not significant differences between these results and those obtained by HPLC (p≤0.05). During 4 months, in intermittent determinations the biosensor kept 100% of its original sensitivity and after 18 months stored at 4°C, it only lost 32% of its sensitivity. The simplicity, low working potential, high stability and good performance of this biosensor shows a great potential for its use in the fructose determination. 相似文献
936.
Raphaëlle Savoire Jean‐Louis Lanoisellé Hélène Ducatel Eugène Vorobiev 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2008,110(8):725-734
Seven linseed varieties were harvested at seven times before complete maturity. Microscale oilseed expressions were subsequently carried out on it. A pressure of 10 MPa was applied for 1 h under uniaxial stress. The results were characterized in terms of oil, water and mucilage content, harvest date and oil yield. The piston displacement versus time (creep curves) was described by a four‐Kelvin‐Voigt elements viscoelastic model. Parameters were derived from the model, such as the mechanical properties of seeds (compressibility moduli), showing that the viscoelastic model fits well the experimental data (R² ≈ 0.999). The modeling parameters were combined with some biochemical data in order to predict the kinetics of oil extraction. 相似文献
937.
938.
In this article, we are combining minimization criteria in the colorant separation process for spectral color reproduction. The colorant separation is performed by inverting a spectral printer model: the spectral Yule‐Nielsen modified Neugebauer model. The inversion of the spectral printer model is an optimization operation in which a criterion is minimized at each iteration. The approach we proposed minimizes a criterion defined by the weighted sum of a spectral difference and a perceptual color difference. The weights can be tuned with a parameter α ∞ [0, 1]. Our goal is to decrease the spectral difference between the original data and its reproduction and also to consider perceptual color difference under different illuminant conditions. In order to find the best α value, we initially compare a pure colorimetric criterion and a pure spectral criterion for the reproduction, then we combine them. We perform four colorant separations: the first separation will minimize the 1976 CIELAB color difference where four illuminants are tested, the second separation will minimize an equally weighted summation of 1976 CIELAB color difference with the four illuminants tested independently, the third colorant separation will minimize a spectral difference, and the fourth colorant separation will combine a weighted sum of a spectral difference and one of the two first colorimetric differences previously introduced. This last colorant separation can be tuned with a parameter in order to emphasize on spectral or colorimetric difference. We use a six colorants printer with artificial inks for our experiments. The prints are simulated by the spectral Yule‐Nielsen modified Neugebauer model. Two groups of data are used for our experiments. The first group describes the data printed by our printing system, which is represented by a regular grid in colorant space of the printer and the second group describes the data which is not originally produced by our printing system but mapped to the spectral printer gamut. The Esser test chart and the Macbeth Color Checker test chart have been selected for the second group. Spectral gamut mapping of this data is carried out before performing colorant separation. Our results show improvement for the colorant separations combining a sum of 1976 CIELAB color difference for a set of illuminants and for the colorant separation combining a sum of 1976 CIELAB color difference and spectral difference, especially in the case of spectral data originally produced by the printer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 494–504, 2008 相似文献
939.
Chun Lin Ma Qing Feng Wang Rufen Zhang Jikun Li 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2008,18(2):229-235
Six triorganotin(IV) complexes of the type {(R3Sn)2[C3S3(COO)2]}n (R = C6H5 1; n-Bu 2; PhCH2 4; p-F-PhCH2 5; o-F-PhCH2 6) and {(R3Sn)2[C3S3(COO)2]}n·[EtOH] (R = Me 3) have been synthesized by the reaction of bis(carboxymethyl)trithiocarbonate with triorganotin(IV) chloride
in the presence of sodium ethoxide. All complexes were characterized by elemental analysis IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopy. Except for 4–6, all complexes were also characterized by X-ray crystallography. The X-ray date revealed
that complexes 1–3 show two-dimensional network polymeric structure in which the geometries of tin atoms are trigonal bipyramid
with the axial positions occupied by carboxylic oxygen atoms. 相似文献
940.
Veysel T. Yilmaz Evrim Senel Canan Kazak 《Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials》2008,18(3):407-413
The reaction of [Cu(sac)2(H2O)4] · 2H2O with 2-methylpyrazine (mpyz) leads two complexes, concomitant crystallization of a mononuclear complex [Cu(sac)2(mpyz)(H2O)2] (1) and a polymeric complex [Cu(sac)2(μ-mpyz)]n (2). Both complexes have been characterized by elemental analyses, magnetic measurements, FT-IR and ESR, TG-DTA and single-crystal
X-ray diffraction analyses. Single-crystal X-ray analyses show that complex 1 consists of discrete molecules in which the copper(II) ions exhibits a square-pyramidal coordination geometry. The individual
molecules of 1 are connected into a hydrogen-bonded chain structure, which is further assembled to form a three-dimensional network by π–π stacking interactions.
Complex 2 is an 1D coordination polymer in which copper(II) centers are bridged by the mpyz ligand. The chains are further assembled
to form two-dimensional frameworks by π–π and C–H···π stacking interactions. 相似文献